Understanding How The Internet Works Information Technology Essay

Understanding How The Internet Works Information Technology Essay The Internet has been around since the early 1970s. It was the name given to the system that connected together the computers of various Military Institutions, select group of research laboratories, commercial companies and universities through dedicated leased 1ines. With the advent of newer and. faster computers, organizations conducting research and/or active commercial development, felt a greater need to communicate data to their concerns, through some fast, reliable network system. Therefore, slowly and steadily, more and more organizations (specifically, computers) were connected to the Inter net. In the early 1980s with the evolution of mini-computers, and the emerging IBM desktop personal computer, the need to connect systems was growing at a remarkable pace and consequently by late 1980s, literally hundreds of thousands of computers were connected to the Internet. It was virtually becoming a seemingly impossible task to determine exactly how many computers were communicating on the Internet. To further strengthen the cause of this promising network, countries outside the United States were also busy setting up their own internal networks and were getting connected to the Internet backbone. Suddenly, the vast distances that information once had to travel with aids such as the facsimile, telex and even the courier service were short-circuited by the Internet. Here, information traveled at nearly the speed of light, finding the least busy gateway to its destination, ensuring that the message was fully intact by using error correction techniques, employing etiquettes by compres sing itself so as to create more room on the network for more data traffic and once reaching its destination, informing its source, that it has safety reached its intended place and with complete message intact. The system was also intelligent enough to know exactly when and where an error has occurred when the data which was sent did not reach its destination. What is Internet? Internet is a computer-based worldwide information networks. The Internet is composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks. These networks may link tens, hundreds, or thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with each other and to share various resources, such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each other. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet is a decentralized system. Each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products with a minimum overhead cost. The Internet has brought new opportunity for businesses to offer goods and services online. In the future, it may have an equally dramatic impact on higher education as more universities offer Internet-based courses. The networks from which the Internet is composed are usually public access networks, meaning that the resources of the network can be shared with anyone logging on to, or accessing, the network. Other types of networks, called intranets, are closed to public use. Intranets are the most common type of computer network used in companies and organizations where it is important to restrict access to the information contained on the network. How the Internet Works? The Internet is based on the concept of a client-server relationship between computers, also called client/server architecture. In a client/server architecture, some computers act as information providers (servers), while other computers act as information receivers (clients). The client/server architecture is not one-to-one-that is, a single client computer may access many different servers, and a single server may be accessed by a number of different client computers. Prior to the mid-1990s, servers were usually very powerful computers such as mainframe or supercomputers, with extremely high processing speeds and large amounts of memory. Personal computers and workstations, however, are now capable of acting as Internet servers due to advances in computing technology. A client computer is any computer that receives information from a server. A client computer may be a personal computer, a pared-down computer (sometimes called a Web appliance), or a wireless device such as a handhel d computer or a cellular telephone. To access information on the Internet, a user must first log on, or connect, to the client computers host network. A host network is a network that the client computer is part of, and is usually a local area network (LAN). Once a connection has been established, the user may request information from a remote server. If the information requested by the user resides on one of the computers on the host network, that information is quickly retrieved and sent to the users terminal. If the information requested by the user is on a server that does not belong to the host LAN, then the host network connects to other networks until it makes a connection with the network containing the requested server. In the process of connecting to other networks, the host may need to access a router, a device that determines the best connection path between networks and helps networks to make connections. Once the client computer makes a connection with the server containing the requested information, the server sends the information to the client in the form of a file. A special computer program called a browser enables the user to view the file. Examples of Internet browsers are Mosaic, Netscape, and Internet Explorer. Multimedia files can only be viewed with a browser. Their pared-down counterparts, text-only documents, can be viewed without browsers. Many files are available in both multimedia and text-only versions. The process of retrieving files from a remote server to the users terminal is called downloading. One of the strengths of the Internet is that it is structured around the concept of hypertext. The term hypertext is used to describe an interlinked system of documents in which a user may jump from one document to another in a nonlinear, associative way. The ability to jump from one document to the next is made possible through the use of hyperlinks-portions of the hypertext document that are linked to other related documents on the Internet. By clicking on the hyperlink, the user is immediately connected to the document specified by the link. Multimedia files on the Internet are called hypermedia documents. Accessing the Internet Access to the Internet falls into two broad categories: dedicated access and dial-up access. With dedicated access, the computer is directly connected to the Internet via a router, or the computer is part of a network linked to the Internet. With dial-up access, a computer connects to the Internet with a temporary connection, generally over a telephone line using a modem-a device that converts a computers digital signals into signals that can be transmitted over traditional telephone lines. Digital signals are made up of discrete units, while most telephone lines are analog, meaning that they carry signals that are continuous instead of discrete. Once a signal has traveled over the telephone line, a second modem is required at the other end of the line to reconvert the transmitted signals from analog to digital. Great many companies, called Internet Service Providers (ISPs), provide dial-up or dedicated access to the Internet for a modest fee. Examples of ISPs are America Online (AOL ), the Microsoft Network (MSN), and CompuServe. Todays User Today, with the evolution of the desktop personal computers which now pack the processing power of the minis and main frames of the late 70s and early80s and are still growing more powerful rivaling the processing power of the workstation, PCs have taken a new turn in their applications. Gone are the days when PCs were being used for mediocre word processing, small scale accounting on a spreadsheet or standalone databases. Users are now programming and creating their own applications. For instance, use of graphical software is on an exponential rise, desktop publishing is being sought after, and various management tools are being employed. Nowadays, the average user of computers has become much more demanding. The world has become much more computer literate, and whether one likes it or not, computers have either already invaded our life or is about to. It is inevitable that in the next five years there will not be a person who has, not come across a computer. Need for a Global Communication System The need to communicate is expanding. People from ordinary walks of life to hard core computer users, are communicating with each other electronically. More and more databases are coming on line. Information from relatively simple services such as electronic mail to reading research articles by some physicist thousands of miles away are all available on line which has facilitated the user to achieve tasks in no time only through the courtesy of the Internet. What is Money? At first sight the answer to this question seems obvious; the man or woman in the street would agree on coins and banknotes, but would they accept them from any country? What about cheques? They would probably be less willing to accept them than their own countrys coins and notes but bank money (i.e. anything for which you can write a cheque) actually accounts for by far the greatest proportion by value of the total supply of money. What about I.O.U.s (I owe you), credit cards and gold? The gold standard belongs to history but even today in many rich people in different parts of the world would rather keep some of their wealth in the form of gold than in official, inflation-prone currencies. The attractiveness of gold, from an aesthetic point of view, and its resistance to corrosion are two of the properties which led to its use for monetary transactions for thousands of years. In complete contrast, a form of money with virtually no tangible properties whatsoever electronic money s eems set to gain rapidly in popularity. All sorts of things have been used as money at different times in different places. The alphabetical list below, taken from page 27 of A History of Money by Glyn Davies, includes but a minute proportion of the enormous variety of primitive moneys, and none of the modern forms. Amber, beads, cowries, drums, eggs, feathers, gongs, hoes, ivory, jade, kettles, leather, mats, nails, oxen, pigs, quartz, rice, salt, thimbles, umiacs, vodka, wampum, yarns, and zappozats (decorated axes). It is almost impossible to define money in terms of its physical form or properties since these are so diverse. Therefore any definition must be based on its functions. Functions of Money Specific functions (mostly micro-economic) Unit of account (abstract) Common measure of value (abstract) Medium of exchange (concrete) Means of payment (concrete) Standard for deferred payments (abstract) Store of value (concrete) General functions (mostly macro-economic and abstract) Liquid asset Framework of the market allocative system (prices) A causative factor in the economy Controller of the economy Causes of the Development of Money Money originated very largely from non-economic causes: from tribute as well as from trade, from blood-money and bride-money as well as from barter, from ceremonial and religious rites as well as from commerce, from ostentatious ornamentation as well as from acting as the common drudge between economic men. One of the most important improvements over the simplest forms of early barter was the tendency to select one or two items in preference to others so that the preferred items became partly accepted because of their qualities in acting as media of exchange. Commodities were chosen as preferred barter items for a number of reasons some because they were conveniently and easily stored, some because they had high value densities and were easily portable and some because they were durable. These commodities, being widely desired, would be easy to exchange for others and therefore they came to be accepted as money. To the extent that the disadvantages of barter provided an impetus for the development of money that impetus was purely economic but archaeological, literary and linguistic evidence of the ancient world and the tangible evidence of actual types of primitive money from many countries demonstrate that barter was not the main factor in the origins and earliest development of money. The Invention of Banking and Coinage The invention of banking preceded that of coinage. Banking originated in Ancient Mesopotamia where the royal palaces and temples provided secure places for the safe-keeping of grain and other commodities. Receipts came to be used for transfers not only to the original depositors but also to third parties. Eventually private houses in Mesopotamia also got involved in these banking operations and laws regulating them were included in the code of Hammurabi. In Egypt too the centralization of harvests in state warehouses also led to the development of a system of banking. Written orders for the withdrawal of separate lots of grain by owners whose crops had been deposited there for safety and convenience, or which had been compulsorily deposited to the credit of the king, soon became used as a more general method of payment of debts to other persons including tax gatherers, priests and traders. Even after the introduction of coinage these Egyptian grain banks served to reduce the need for precious metals which tended to be reserved for foreign purchases, particularly in connection with military activities. Precious metals, in weighed quantities, were a common form of money in ancient times. The transition to quantities that could be counted rather than weighed came gradually. On page 29 of A History of Money Glyn Davies points out that the words spend, expenditure, and pound (as in the main British monetary unit) all come from the Latin expendere meaning to weigh. On page 74 the author points out that the basic unit of weight in the Greek speaking world was the drachma or handful of grain, but the precise weight taken to represent this varied considerably, for example from less than 3 grams in Corinth to more than 6 grams in Aegina. Throughout much of the ancient world the basic unit of money was the stater, meaning literally balancer or weigher. The talent is a monetary unit with which we are familiar with from the Parable of the Talents in the Bible. The talent was also a Greek unit of weight, about 60 pounds. Many primitive forms of money were counted just like coins. Cowrie shells, obtained from some islands in the Indian Ocean, were a very widely used primitive form of money in fact they were still in use in some parts of the world (such as Nigeria) within living memory. So important a role did the cowrie play as money in ancient China that its pictograph was adopted in their written language for money. (page 36) Thus it is not surprising that among the earliest countable metallic money or coins were cowries made of bronze or copper, in China. In addition to these metal cowries the Chinese also produced coins in the form of other objects that had long been accepted in their society as money e.g. spades, hoes, and knives. Although there is some dispute over exactly when these developments first took place, the Chinese tool currencies were in general use at about the same time as the earliest European coins and there have been claims that their origins may have been much earlier, possibly as early as the end of the second millennium BC. The use of tool coins developed (presumably independently) in the West. The ancient Greeks used iron nails as coins, while Julius Caesar regarded the fact that the ancient Britons used sword blades as coins as a sign of their backwardness. (However the Britons did also mint true coins before they were conquered by the Romans). These quasi-coins were all easy to counterfeit and, being made of base metals, of low intrinsic worth and thus not convenient for expensive purchases. True coinage developed in Asia Minor as a result of the practice of the Lydians, of stamping small round pieces of precious metals as a guarantee of their purity. Later, when their metallurgical skills improved and these pieces became more regular in form and weight the seals served as a symbol of both purity and weight. The first real coins were probably minted some time in the period 640 630 BC. Afterwards the use of coins spread quickly from Lydia to Ionia, mainland Greece, and Persia. Paper Money In China the issue of paper money became common from about AD 960 onwards but there had been occasional issues long before that. A motive for one such early issue, in the reign of Emperor Hien Tsung 806-821, was a shortage of copper for making coins. A drain of currency from China, partly to buy off potential invaders from the north, led to greater reliance on paper money with the result that by 1020 the quantity issued was excessive, causing inflation. In subsequent centuries there were several episodes of hyperinflation and after about 1455, after well over 500 years of using paper money, China abandoned it. Bills of Exchange With the revival of banking in Western Europe, stimulated by the Crusades, written instructions in the form of bills of exchange came to be used as a means of transferring large sums of money and the Knights Templars and Hospitallers functioned as bankers. (It is possible that the Arabs may have used bills of exchange at a much earlier date, perhaps as early as the eighth century). The use of paper as currency came much later. Goldsmith Bankers During the English Civil War, 1642-1651, the goldsmiths safes were secure places for the deposit of jewels, bullion and coins. Instructions to goldsmiths to pay money to another customer subsequently developed into the cheque (or check in American spelling). Similarly goldsmiths receipts were used not only for withdrawing deposits but also as evidence of ability to pay and by about 1660 these had developed into the banknote. Virginian Tobacco In Englands American colonies a chronic shortage of official coins led to various substitutes being used as money, including, in Viriginia, tobacco, leading to the development of paper money by a different route. Tobacco leaves have drawbacks as currency and consequently certificates attesting to the quality and quantity of tobacco deposited in public warehouses came to be used as money and in 1727 were made legal tender. Gold Standard Although paper money obviously had no intrinsic value its acceptability originally depended on its being backed by some commodity, normally precious metals. During the Napoleonic Wars convertibility of Bank of England notes was suspended and there was some inflation which, although quite mild compared to that which has occurred in other wars, was worrying to contemporary observers who were used to stable prices and, in accordance with the recommendations of an official enquiry Britain adopted the gold standard for the pound in 1816. For centuries earlier silver had been the standard of value. The pound was originally an amount of silver weighing a pound. France and the United States were in favor of a bimetallic standard and in 1867 an international conference was held in Paris to try and widen the area of common currencies based on coins with standard weights of gold and silver. However when the various German states merged into a single country in 1871 they chose the gold standard. The Scandinavian countries adopted the gold standard shortly afterwards. France made the switch from bimetallism to gold in 1878 and Japan, which had been on a silver standard, changed in 1897. Finally, in 1900, the United States officially adopted the gold standard. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Britain decided to withdraw gold from internal circulation and other countries also broke the link with gold. Germany returned to the gold standard in 1924 when it introduced a new currency, the Reichsmark and Britain did the following year, and France in 1928. However the British government had fixed the value of sterling at an unsustainably high rate and in the worldwide economic crisis in 1931 Britain, followed by most of the Commonwealth (except Canada) Ireland, Scandinavia, Iraq, Portugal, Thailand, and some South American countries abandoned gold. The United States kept the link to gold and after the Second World War the US dollar replaced the pound sterling as the key global currency. Other countries fixed their exchange rates against the dollar, the value of which remained defined in terms of gold. In the early 1970s the system of fixed exchange rates started to break down as a result of growing international inflation and the United States abandoned the link with gold in 1973. Intangible Money The break with precious metals helped to make money a more elusive entity. Another trend in the same direction is the growing interest in forms of electronic money from the 1990s onwards. In some ways e-money is a logical evolution from the wire transfers that came about with the widespread adoption of the telegraph in the 19th century but such transfers had relatively little impact on the everyday shopper. The evolution of money has not stopped. Securitization, the turning of illiquid assets into cash, developed in new directions in the 1990s. One much publicized development was the invention of bonds backed by intangible assets such as copyright of music, e.g.Bowie bonds, named after those issued by the pop star David Bowie.

Distinct Characterization in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay

William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar works convincingly for audiences today not only because of its truth historically, but because of its truth of character, historically.   As with the rest of the English bard’s canon, it is the character driven aspect of the writing that continually reminds you of the play’s purpose.   Because the characters are so fantastically dissimilar, in behavior and language, the play comes alive.   In Julius Caesar, two aspects come alive most: the world of aristocracy in the Roman Empire, and most especially the distinct characters themselves that populate this play’s vision of that aristocracy. Primarily the world of Roman aristocrats is presented by the representation of the complete world of governance through three aspects.   They complete the triumvirate behind the triumvirate, so to speak.   Shakespeare creates this world by showing us the rulers at the top (after Caesar’s death), the senators who provide or take away power from the rulers in the new post dictator rule, and the conspirators who provide or take away power from all behind the scenes.   Had Shakespeare shown the Roman aristocracy without these three elements, we would have been left with little understanding of how the empire got to where it did at the time of Julius Caesar. This is his awesome creative power.   The playwright didn’t just give lines to players to tell the history, and he didn’t rely upon narrative choruses.   Instead, he created the world for us by putting the whole picture in front of us; all of the power aspects are there on the stage.   Naturally, behind the instruments of power are found powerful characters, each with distinct qualities that bring the story to life.   I will rely upon one character from each area above to examine just how they are treated – what manages to give them memorable traits and believable motives. William Shakespeare utilized language and behavior to motivate his characters.   Julius Caesar works because of this.   Marcus Antonius is a fine example of this.   Shakespeare provided him with the lines and actions to show him to be a manipulative instrument of power.   He is truly a favorite of audiences.   Antonius is ready to say anything and do anything to keep his place in the world, to preserve his power.   When the conspirators realize their plans to kill Caesar, it is Antonius that encourages the accomplices, and convinces them that he is on their side.   In other words, he is saying that ‘I will preserve your power if you preserve mine.’ This is the meaning behind his words to Brutus and accomplices:   â€Å"Friends am I with you all and love you all, upon this hope, that you shall give me reasons why and wherein Caesar was dangerous† (III.i.219) and then, â€Å"That’s all I seek† (227) when he receives an answer which is not exactly satisfactory at all.   The complete vision of this self serving future ruler of Rome is provided only moments later, when Shakespeare reminds us of the duplicity of Antonius when we see he did not act in accord with his heart, but with his advantage seeking.   â€Å"O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, that I am meek and gentle with these butchers!† (255). The next example comes from the senators – Cicero specifically.   How does Shakespeare impart a distinct character in him that sets him apart from both the rulers and the conspirators?   This is perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of how Shakespeare can imbue qualities into characters.   It is also one of the most convincing tools he possesses to bring the audience into participation with this history of his.   The senators are important to Julius Caesar because they represent blind and timid bureaucracy.   They are there merely to maintain the status quo and to enter into the political realm without actually entering into politics.   Shakespeare is in this play explaining that power rests either within the current ruler (such as Caesar or one of the triumvirate), or within the conspirators who would oust the ruler, through any means necessary.   Between the two groups are the people who hold very little power themselves.   They are the rank and file ru ling class; in this case the senators. Notice how Cicero does not even have any lines?   How then does he represent so much to the play?   How can we understand the Roman aristocracy so clearly in him, then?   Of him we have no lines, but an awareness.   He is an orator.   He is skilled in rhetoric.   And yet, what does he actually convey through his words?   Nothing.   He is a rhetorical, political blowhard.   Concerning his speech during Caesar’s triumphant parade, consider this dialogue between Cassius and Casca: Cassius: â€Å"Did Cicero say anything?† Casca: â€Å"Ay, he spoke Greek.† Cassius: â€Å"To what effect?† Casca: â€Å"†¦for mine own part, it was Greek to me.† (I.ii.281-284) In other words, it was just words.   The senators are not to be understood.   Therefore they are not a threat to emperor, conspirators or the common man.   They play the part of the aristocracy that simply stands for aristocracy.   By withholding lines from the most loquacious senator, Shakespeare creates a distinct vision of both Cicero and the part of the Roman aristocracy which he serves. The final character that serves great importance to Julius Caesar, of course, would be Brutus.   He comes from the conspirator caste and is such a powerfully rendered character that he has become a virtual stereotypical vision of bloody revenge and betrayal.   When audience think traitor, they inevitably think Brutus.   What is special about him in Shakespeare’s hand?   It is the absolute single mindedness of this villain (or hero as the case may be).   He does not waver as does Antonius.   He does not shrink back like Cicero.   He is Brutus.   His lines and his actions represent someone who is an ideologue.   He has fiercely held ideals and he has fiercely held ways of acting those out.   Nothing will get in his way.   That is the vision of this aspect of Roman aristocracy.   It is the power outside of the powerful.   This line from Brutus sums up this chief trait of his, and compels us to see it this way. â€Å"We at the height are ready to decline. There is a tide in the affairs of men Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea are we now afloat, And we must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures. (IV.iii.218–224) These may not be the most well known of Brutus.   However, they make the point clear about how Shakespeare imbues the distinctiveness of character into him.   It is this set of lines that speaks the most about his place as a character and about his place within the world of Roman aristocracy.   We can see just how much power the conspirators wield.   They turn out to be much more powerful than the Senate, and perhaps even more powerful than the rulers, whether Caesar or one of the triumvirate.   It is because, Shakespeare says, that Brutus and his companions can afford to be single minded and focused on their ideals and tasks at hand.   It is what makes the success of the plans visible from the outset. The question then of just how William Shakespeare creates the world of Roman aristocracy and gives each player the distinct character that is so important to Julius Caesar is answered by the same fashion.   The two are irrevocably intertwined.   It is a concurrent twofold plan.   First, Shakespeare creates convincing facets of the historical world; in this case the facets are the different aspects of Roman aristocracy as seen through the rulers, the senators and the conspirators.   Next, and simultaneously, he populates these aspects with their stereotypical, archetypical characters.   Because they fully belong to their separate classes, the very descriptions of them seen through their lines and actions fulfill the historical picture and provide every bit of drama that a contemporary audience needs.

Examples Of Green Technology Methods Environmental Sciences Essay

Green engineering is a continuously germinating group of methods of utilizing stuffs that are being disposed of and recycling them to be used for other things that will non harm the environment. Building stuffs and landscape gardening are merely a twosome of things that can be done with waste stuffs. Thingss that can be recycled so that we can recycle them for bring forthing energy to nontoxic cleansing merchandises and other non-harmful things-things that could/can be harmful to our planet, ozone, and environment. We need to happen things that we can make to assist clean up our environment and planet before we wholly destruct what is left of it. By utilizing green engineering, we can â€Å" [ meet ] the demands of society in ways that will go on indefinitely into the hereafter and without damaging or consuming natural resources. † ( Green engineering, 2010 ) Examples of green engineering are energy, green edifice, environmentally preferable buying, green chemical science, and green nanotechnology. All of these resources can maintain our planet clean and we will be able to recycle cleverly. We will be able to utilize, so re-use, as needed. As we build and use, we will be able to rupture down what we have built and recycle the waste for other things. Harmonizing to Green-technology.org, here are the definitions of the illustrations from above: Energy – the development of alternate fuels, new agencies of bring forthing energy and energy efficiency. Green constructing – encompasses everything from the pick of edifice stuffs to where a edifice is located. Environmentally Preferred Purchasing ( EPP ) – authorities invention that involves the hunt for merchandises whose contents and methods of production have the smallest possible impact on the environment and mandates that these be the preferable merchandises for authorities buying. Green-chemistry – the innovation, design, and application of chemical merchandises and procedures to cut down or extinguish the usage and coevals of risky substances. Green nanotechnology – the application of green chemical science and green technology principals in the field of use of stuffs at the graduated table of the nanometre ( one billionth of a metre ) . Green energy is the usage of alternate energy other than gasolene. One such option is ethanol and maize fuels. These burn cleaner than gas and, in today ‘s cars these fuels even provide greater fuel milage. This has been a concern of consumers for a long clip. However, in older theoretical account autos, these types of fuels do non work and dry out piston rings but auto makers are rectifying this and planing autos to run on ethyl alcohol and maize fuels. This engineering is already being used today. Even battery powered autos are on the roads ; autos that do n't utilize any type of fuel except battery power. This is another signifier of green engineering. Solar heat and power are another signifier of energy that is â€Å" green † . Solar heat can be captured to heat H2O. This type of energy is already being implemented in the universe today. Solar panels capture the Sun ‘s heat and this is used to heat H2O plus used for power to run visible radiations in places. Some places are wholly powered by solar panels as are prototype solar autos. Even geothermic energy is used in certain geographical countries of the universe to run generators by steam. Wind power besides runs many points, including places that would usually trust on electricity to power visible radiations, contraptions, etc. â€Å" ManyaˆÂ ¦fields of air current turbines are being built in countries of the universe to take advantage of changeless air currents to supply economical and sustainable energy. † ( EzineArticles, 2010, parity. 4 ) Another beginning of green energy would be the usage of a Magnetic Power Generator ( MPG ) . This would bring forth free energy indefinitely and power a whole house. This device would non be much to build-not 1000s of dollars-and if you are a â€Å" make it yourself † type of individual, you could do one for reasonably inexpensive. Harmonizing to Greendepot.com, â€Å" Green edifice patterns, every bit good as the choice of the appropriate edifice stuffs, revolve around a few basic rules of scientific discipline. † ( Greendepot, 2010 ) . Using recycled stuffs to construct will ensue in a wholly â€Å" green † edifice with all parts of the edifice arising from recycled stuff from the floor to the walls, ceilings, cabinets, and even furniture can be made from recycled stuff and when old, can be recycled once more. Not merely can we construct from recycled stuffs but we can make merely about anything with those stuffs from constructing places to landscaping. One stuff that is being used for place edifice is called Durisol. These are â€Å" hollow-core blocks [ that ] are made from mineralized wood shaves and Portland cement, stacked into walls so finished with reenforcing steel and concrete. † ( Greendepot, 2010 ) Environmentally Preferable Purchasing ( EPP ) helps the federal authorities â€Å" purchase green † and uses the authorities ‘s purchasing power â€Å" to excite market demand for green merchandises and services. † ( epa.gov, 2010 ) It helps bureaus within the federal authorities comply with green demands and bureaus are directed by federal jurisprudence and such to buy things with the environment in head. The EPA created the EPP in 1993 to assist run into the already mentioned demands. Green chemical science reduces or eliminates the usage of risky substances. It â€Å" applies across the life rhythm of a chemical merchandise, including its design, industry, and usage † ( epa.gov, 2010 ) It reduces or eliminates negative environmental impact and is an effectual attack to pollution bar because it applies solutions to environmental jobs and state of affairss. The 12 Principles of Green Chemistry was originally published by Paul Anastas and John Warner in Green Chemistry: Theory and Practice ( Oxford University Press: New York, 1998 ) and provides a usher for chemists to implement Green Technology † ( epa.org, 2010 ) . The 12 rules are as follows: Prevention Atom Economy Less Hazardous Chemical Synthesis Planing Safer Chemicals Safer Solvents and Aides Design for Energy Efficiency Use of Reusable Feedstock Reduce Derived functions Catalysis Design for Degradation Real-time Analysis for Pollution Prevention Inherently Safer Chemistry for Accidental Prevention ( Anastas, P.T ; Warner, J.C. ; Green, 1998 ) Presently, China is a universe leader in the industry of solar panels and research into C gaining control, the procedure of firing coal while non breathing nursery gases. This state is supplying a theoretical account of how states should further a green economic system. ( RONAN McGREEVY.A ( 2010, A NovemberA 13 ) Nanotechnology is defined as â€Å" the art and scientific discipline of pull stringsing affair at the nanoscale to make new and alone merchandises and stuffs. † ( Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies, 2010 ) . The nanoscale is the graduated table of atoms and molecules. As merchandises are made utilizing the nanometer-scale, there is a turning demand for this engineering to assist clean up the environment by cut downing pollution and seeking to bring forth a cleaner environment and economic system. It is easier than we may believe. Experiments with nanotechnology are go oning all the clip. Using this nanotechnology, scientific discipline has been experimenting on all types of things. From utilizing DNA molecules in procedures to constructing nanoscale forms on Si french friess and other surfaces to publish things ( versus lithography ) to taking arsenic in a solution base and by being able to â€Å" observe pollutants at the degree of parts per billion. † ( Project on Emerging Technology – nano ( 2007, April 26 ) . Nanotechnology has opened assuring paths to bettering and take downing the cost of fuel cells and is tilting toward tools for taking toxic and risky stuffs in waste sites. This sort of engineering is indispensable if we are traveling to clean up our planet and it is a turning engineering to be certain and, harmonizing to Lux Research, in 2005, more than $ 30 billion in nanotech merchandises were sold globally. This figure is estimated to turn to $ 2.6 trillion by the twelvemonth 2014. Green engineering is an every-growing engineering to happen what is best for our planet and its continued endurance and development. We can non go on down the way we started on old ages and old ages ago or we will non hold a planet that will prolong life. Using green engineering will let us to clean up our rivers, lakes and waterways every bit good as our environment. Recycling is one manner to make this. Not merely does this aid us use godforsaken stuffs but it keeps these waste stuffs out of mopess and landfills. Even contraptions are traveling green. A stopper, developed by 2 brothers, called the GreenPlug, plugs into a normal wall mercantile establishment, between the wall and the contraption, and stops extra power to the contraption. It stops the flow of fresh energy to the contraption therefore salvaging on energy and power. The GreenPlug helps contraptions cut down on the sum of energy that they consume and it will add to the life of older contraptions every bit good. There are hopes that green engineering can jumpstart the economic system which has been neglecting and fighting. By implementing green engineering, it is traveling to be â€Å" the following planetary occupation and wealth creative activity engine. † ( McNally, S. , 2009 ) But green engineering has a long manner to travel before it can go a key in the economic system. It has non been around long plenty to do an consequence as yet. Green engineering is still so new that it is traveling to take a long piece before it will set any sort of dent in the recession we are presently in. It is traveling to take a batch of enterprise on the parts of companies ; both little and big. Green engineering will more than probably come foremost to the wellness and transit sector as both are made more efficient by authoritiess. The economic downswing makes companies more susceptible to alter and alter, like green engineering, will likely be embraced rapidly because of the openness for alteration that is presently felt all over the universe. There are so many ways that we have already begun to utilize this engineering. The postal service in Key West, Florida, for illustration, has begun utilizing electric bringing carts alternatively of cars. Not merely the postal service but other authorities bureaus as good are seeking to do transit eco-friendly. Other countries are seeing solar power as an option to electricity. There are solar powered places, concerns, and merely late, electronics are going solar powered. Like the universe ‘s first solar powered keyboard made my Logitech. It is besides wireless which means it can be wholly recharged merely by seting it in the Sun or any other light beginning. Every portion of the keyboard, including the packaging, is reclaimable doing the first â€Å" green † keyboard. As we continue to germinate, so does the universe around us. In order for this universe and planet to acquire cleaned up, we need to maintain experimenting with the things that will finally do this universe cleansing agent and better. All the cleaning up in the universe makes no difference if we do non hold a program to â€Å" turn green † and do things eco-friendly. We will ever hold some kind of solid waste but even some of that can be turned into something that is useable and reclaimable. Even sewerage can be used as a agency of a heat beginning. Cleaning up our planet is of the extreme importance and happening new manner to make that can be done. Recycling and e-cycling demand to be of import and we need to prosecute and go on to prosecute every avenue until this planet goes wholly green. That is our hereafter ; our end. Social consciousness about the demand for cleaner, environmentally-friendly merchandises and services is important if we are to clean up our environment. Academically, green engineering demands to be taught to our kids every bit good as larning about it ourselves. It should be compulsory that our kids be taught ; non merely our simple kids but college pupils as good. â€Å" The industrial section demands to be pushed frontward to come out with more environment-friendly production and ingestion procedures. Assorted inducements need to be given to the industrial sector, which is ready to introduce and implement green engineering. † ( Green engineering is the hereafter at large.A ( 2010, A NovemberA 14 ) . Businesss need to â€Å" adult male up † and do their portion as good by traveling green and holding their employees do the same and give inducements for making so. We all have to get down someplace and the large and little concerns need to make their portion excessively. By recycling merchandises that we use every twenty-four hours, we come closer to turning our environment viridity and cleaning up our universe. Other states need to cognize this engineering and demand to implement it. Without the engineering, we will necessarily stop up destructing ourselves and our planet. Traveling green with green engineering is the lone feasible decision.

The Effects Of Drinking On College Students Essay

Growing up as a child, I personally suffered physical and mental abuse from my own father. He became alcoholic by drinking at a young age. Throughout our younger years, it is very common for us to make decisions without thinking. What many of us fail to understand is that with some of those decisions come risk and consequence that may follow us for our entire life. Alcohol has been a major influence on college students. Many of these students are unaware of the damage that is being caused by its abuse and what effects it can have on others. Drinking can have harmful effects on the development of the brain, which has a major impact on the student as they age and this development does not finish until they reach adulthood and can be very addictive. The effects of their decisions can even follow them into adulthood, just like in my father’s case and it can be detrimental to others. The question that comes to my mind is: are those who drink alcohol fully aware of the effects it ha s on their body and mind? And if so, why do some people continue to drink anyways? There are many reasons why college students drink and a majority of the reasons they do come from their own background. It was a normal occurrence for me to be constantly yelled at for things that I did not do and would suffer from my father becoming very angry at me for things that weren’t a concern. Constantly being slapped in the face, being pushed to the ground, and getting attacked senselessly were memories thatShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Drinking On College Students1225 Words   |  5 Pagesmajor influence on college students and many of these students are unaware of the damage that is being caused by abusing it. What students in this age group do not understand is that their brain is still developing slowly and this process does not finish until they reach adulthood. Drinking can have harmful effects on the development of the brain, which has a major impact on the student as they age. College is a very stressful time period for some and a common mistake is students abusing the amountRead MoreEffect Of Drinking On College Students1947 Words   |  8 PagesAbout 1,800 students die eve ry year of alcohol related causes. An additional 600,000 injured drunk and roughly 100,000 become victims of alcohol related sexual assaults (McMurtrie). Students often fail to complete their college credentials because students are overwhelmed, overextended, underfunded and under prepared due to a recent survey of students that did not complete their studies. Though 65% of students drop out plan to return, but only 38% do return to their college studies (â€Å"Each One HelpRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1290 Words   |  6 Pagescommunicating the evidence that comes from alcoholic abuse in college students. The academic environment has its impact on the undergraduate student at some point or another, it is to some the only way to have fun, unknowingly the impact of binge drinking on their life can negatively affect their future while jeopardizing their career goals at the same time this type of substance abuse is negative. â€Å"The highest ratio of b inge drinking can be found on college campuses† (Wechsler and Austin, 1998). There is aRead MoreEffects of Binge Drinking on College Students600 Words   |  3 PagesVeronica Harper’s Effects of Binge Drinking on College Students College students are more likely to consume alcohol more than people of the same age who are not attending college. Almost half of the college students that consume alcohol are considered binge drinkers (Five drinks in a row at one sitting for a man and four drinks in a row at one sitting for women). Many students believe the use of alcohol is a big part of the college experience, thus can be concluded that the college atmosphere may influenceRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Effects of Binge Drinking in College Students Binge drinking is when a person has more than four drinks, if female and five if male, in one sitting. While researching texts written about the negative effects of binge drinking in college students, I found articles and scholarly journals written by specialists in this specific field of study. These authors mainly focus on the fact that excessive binge drinking is detrimental to the quality of life and can alter your state of health in a negativeRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay1697 Words   |  7 Pagesfor society, and college students are no exception to this problem, especially when it comes to binge drinking. Binge drinking is classified at 5 or more drinks for men or 4 or more drinks for women within 2 hours. According to a study by Ikes, â€Å"more than 40% of college students have engaged in heavy episodic drinking (HED)† or binge drinking (find pg number) and â€Å"19% engage in frequent binge drinking† (Iconis 243). There are very large implications for college students drinking this much alcoholRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay825 Words   |  4 PagesBinge Drinking would have various of ways to define what in reality means. As for college students would define it as a way to drink non-stop, just for fun, or excessively drinking until drunk. Binge drinking can be interpreted in a scientific form, like NIAAA defines binge drinking as a pattern of drinking that brings blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels to 0.08 g/dL. This typically occurs after 4 drinks for women and 5 drinks for men—in about 2 hours. (National Institute on Alcohol AbuseRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On College Students849 Words   |  4 PagesCollege is arguably the single most important transition in an individual’s live which they experience many forms of peer pressure and specific growth patterns. Those individuals fortunate enough to pay for their studies are able to further education far and wide across the globe, not while coming at the cost of many positives stringing some negative. With increased peer pressure and opportunity, some are introduced to a parent’s worst nightmare that being the cause and effects of binge drinkingRead MoreEffects Of Binge Drinking On College Students Essay968 Words   |  4 PagesHenry Wechsler in Getting Serious about Eradicating Binge Drinking, stresses how modern college students think that binge drinking is a norm in college life. I agree with Wechsler that the modern college student thinks binge drinking is normal. In High School, people would binge drink on a regular basis, and that eventually carried over into collegiate life. After being in college for about a month now, I realized that every night students binge drink either at bars, fraternity houses, or tailgatesRead MoreEffects Of On Campus Housing On College Students Drinking Behavior1565 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of on-campus housing on colleg e students’ drinking behavior: A Literature Review Educational scholars have widely researched the effects of on-campus housing on the behavior of college students and one of the behavioral effects is on drinking behavior. Researchers from both the United States and New Zealand have found that students living in residential halls on campus demonstrate the greatest rates for drinking and peer pressure for drinking (Rickwood, et al., 2011.). Leontini, et al.