Residential broadband market overview Essay Example for Free

Private broadband market diagram Essay Limestone is a stone of which was before the bones and shells of ocean creatures. These kicked the bucket and gathered as silt at the base of oceans, seas and lakes. Compound name: Calcium carbonate Chemical recipe: CaCo3 Alternative names: Chalk, marble Limestone can be utilized to set up various new materials. For this to happen limestone must experience endothermic decay. Warm deterioration is utilized for an enormous scope in industry to fabricate synthetic compounds. At the point when limestone experiences warm disintegration it produces Quicklime (CaO) Quicklime is created in hard-headed lined furnaces. In many furnaces, limestone is taken care of in at the highest point of the pole and quicklime is drawn from the base. Air is blown in at the base and ignites with powers almost up the oven. The results of burning of the fuel is for the most part carbon dioxide gas which escapes through vents at the highest point of the pole. Different powers are utilized e. g. curl, oil, petroleum gas and coke contingent upon the neighborhood fuel costs. The temperature made by these energizes comes to more than 1000? C in the oven. Most present day ovens produce as much as 300 tons/day of quicklime. Most quicklime is sold as a granular item yet there is a developing business sector for the finely squashed strong. Limestone is one of the universes most basic minerals. Since it is modest and promptly accessible it frames a significant piece of numerous different minerals. When limestone has been changed over to quicklime, the quicklime is utilized to shape slaked lime. Slaked lime (calcium hydroxide) is made by adding a little water to quicklime. Powdered limestone: Â Put in lakes to kill acids in the water Put on soil to kill corrosive soil. All stones are comprised of various minerals. As such, minerals are the concoction constituents of rocks in spite of the fact that you cant effectively determine what their substance creation is from their names. Sedimentary rocks are made of dregs framed when every single other sort of rock wear out (disintegration) or separate in view of the impacts of climate (enduring). The particles of rock are moved by water or wind or ice to a depressed spot on the earth (an ocean or a valley). Slowly, more than a huge number of years, they are changed over to shake. The particles of rock structure layers of residue. Bit by bit an ever increasing number of layers structure on one another more than a large number of years. The heaviness of the layers on top makes the base layers be squeezed together or packed so the particles meld. This is called CEMENTATION. More than a great many years the layers of rock incorporate up with what are called layers. Particles can be scoured of sedimentary stone since it is the mildest sort of rock. Distinctive estimated particles structure various types of rock. Exceptionally fine particles like mud structure mudstone. Bigger grains like sand structure sandstone. Rock and stones structure combinations. Sedimentary rocks like Shale can be shaped under the ocean too. The shells from a huge number of little marine creatures can develop on the ocean bottom. These shells are produced using calcium carbonate. At the point when these shells become gradually packed together they structure the stone limestone. At the point when corrosive is added to this stone, it bubbles. As silt gathers, the assortments of plants or creatures fall into them. The bodies become covered and progressively go to shake as there is no oxygen gas to permit them to decay. More than a huge number of years these bodies transform into fossils. Fossils are just found in sedimentary rocks. At the point when fluid stone is underneath the outside of the earth it is called magma, yet when it comes out of the ground it is called magma. At the point when they cool, they become strong and structure the stones we call molten rocks. Magma and magma are comprised of mixes called silicates. They are produced using the components silicon and oxygen, just as different components like aluminum and magnesium. As the fluid stone cools it structures precious stones. The size of the gems relies upon how rapidly it cools. Stone is framed when magma cools gradually under the ground so it has enormous interlocking gems. This is called a nosy volcanic stone. At the point when magma is ejected from a well of lava it cools quickly noticeable all around so it has little interlocking gems. This is called an extrusive molten stone. A case of this kind of rock is basalt. The structure of existing rocks can be changed by contact with magma or incredible weight from underground. At the point when this occurs, the stone is said to have transformed. (This fair methods changed. ) Any sort of rock can transform. Dirt and Shale (which are sedimentary rocks) can be changed by pressure until they become record. This permits the record to be part into layers without any problem. This is one motivation behind why record can be utilized for roofing material. In the event that record is, at that point warmed considerably more and put under progressively tension it shapes a stone with groups of interlocking precious stones. This stone is called Schist. Limestone is transformed into marble when the high temperatures underground separation the shells and they at that point change as smooth, hard precious stones. Researchers think ha the earth has been in presence for around 4500 million years. In the first place, the surface was fluid, however step by step it cooled enough for a strong outside layer to frame. (Around 3700 million years prior). The earth has had a climate of gasses since it was shaped however the sorts and measures of each gas has changed. The earths hull is a lot thicker under the landmasses than under the seas. Mainland covering is about 40km thick contrasted with 10km for the outside layer under the seas. Beneath the covering is a semi-fluid territory called the mantle. The focal point of the earth is known as the center and it is made of the metals Iron and Nickel. Since various pieces of the earths outside layer are moving gradually in various ways, gigantic burdens and strains are set up. These can make the stones become inclined, collapsed (bowed) or blamed (split). They may even be flipped around. Sedimentary rocks are milder than different sorts of rocks and overlap all the more effectively when packed (crushed). In the event that this occurs for an enormous scope, at that point Fold mountains like the Alps or Himalayas are shaped. A descending plunge or overlay is known as a Syncline and a curve is called an Anticline. Fragile rocks break (flaw) under pressure. The earths outside is definitely not a constant layer yet is comprised of many separate units called Tectonic Plates. The plates move by convection flows in the liquid stone of the Mantle. This moves the plates gradually at the pace of a couple of centimeters a year. More than a large number of years the mainlands have isolated to arrive at their current positions. At the point when a maritime plate moves beneath a mainland plate, the stone gets extremely hot and melts to frame Magma. This at that point arrives at the surface in Volcanoes. Likewise, where the maritime plate moves downwards, a profound territory of ocean bottom is framed. These sorts of regions are called Ocean Trenches. Arrangement of coal and oil: In the carboniferous Era, which kept going 65 million years and finished 280 million years prior: The British Isles was on the equator. The land was tropical backwoods. Coal was produced using dead creatures and plants. The plants didn't spoil since they got shrouded in mud so no oxygen could get to them. The coal creases were framed by weight of new stores crushed the tree layers into slender creases. Coal was shaped 280 million years prior. Fragmentary Distillation: At the point when oil is siphoned from the beginning is as a thick, dark, putrid substance called Crude Oil. It is a blend of synthetic concoctions called hydrocarbons. A blend is only a blend of synthetic compounds. The numerous hydrocarbons in unrefined petroleum might be isolated into singular synthetic concoctions called Fractions by a procedure called Fractional Distillation. Unrefined petroleum is a blend of Hydrocarbons. They can be isolated by placing the oil into a fractioning segment. The raw petroleum is warmed on its way into the segment with the goal that the oil is vanished. This transforms the fluid into a gas. The fume at that point moves into the segment. The synthetic concoctions with the least/most?molecules (more carbon particles) move to the top e. g. petroleum. As the particles become heavier, their breaking points increment. Once at the right temperature the fume consolidates to a fluid and is run off. Unrefined petroleum contains most fuel and bitumen yet we needn't bother with everything. We need heaps of petroleum (which contains 5-10 carbon molecules) however we have an excessive amount of fuel oil and so on (more than 70 carbon iotas), so what we do is this. We separate huge futile atoms to make little, valuable particles like petroleum by a procedure called breaking. Paraffin is a general name for a gathering of long hydrocarbons utilized as energizes. Whenever blended in with bits of permeable porcelain as an impetus, it very well may be made to experience warm disintegration or breaking. Permeable methods bunches of openings, which gives a huge surface territory. Warm disintegration implies separating something with heat. Fragmentary refining of oil (unrefined petroleum) produces various items since oil is a blend of hydrocarbons. The compound in each part have comparable breaking points. The portions with higher breaking points will in general contain particles with more carbon molecules. These greater atoms are for quite some time affixed and have bigger sub-atomic masses. When these are singed they produce dirty blazes. They are exceptionally thick (syrup-like). Accordingly there is popularity for littler atoms and less interest for these enormous particles. The oil business attempts to adjust the issues of gracefully and request by changing over the less saleable parts into saleable divisions. The fundamental manner by which this is done is by the procedure known as breaking. The responses are typically done at high temperature utilizing an impetus. We have seen that when enormous hydrocarbon atoms are torn open, or split, they produce littler particles like Ethene. It is conceivable to join heaps of Ethene atoms together to frame a sort of plastic. Straightforward structure squares like the paper clasp (or Ethene) are called MONOMERS. At the point when they are made into a long queue of units we consider it a POLYMER. The procedure which changes over loads of Monomers to a Polymer is called PLYMERISATION. Regular po

Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace

Examination of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace Prologue to Gender Inequalities in the Workplace According to Massey (34), numerous individuals mistake sex for sex, which includes organic contrasts between a male and a female. Numerous social orders and societies on the planet make qualifications between people dependent on sex. In numerous social orders, men are better than ladies (Burstein 342).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More The qualification is shown through the forcefulness of men in the general public. The way that men are more forceful than ladies has achieved sex disparities in the general public. Therefore, imbalances have prompted differences with respect to social jobs distributed to either sexual orientation. In this systematic paper, the creator quickly takes a gander at authoritative hypothesis and how it influences representatives. The creator basically inspects a portion of the elements relat ed with sexual orientation imbalances in the general public. Exceptional consideration is given to sex imbalances in Saudi Arabia and in the Middle East. What's more, the creator features a portion of the progressions proposed to manage the circumstance. The paper appears as a ‘personal case analysis’, which depends on the discoveries presented in the defense study directed before. The occasions for the situation study are deciphered and broke down utilizing a complete ‘four-frame’ structure. Hierarchical Theory: A Summary In this close to home case examination, the creator basically audits the occasions for the situation study, and how the occasions are identified with authoritative hypothesis. To this end, the creator deciphers the occasions for the situation concentrate from the viewpoint of the hierarchical hypothesis. The hypothesis supplements the four-outline investigation completed in the paper. Subsequently, it is essential to give a short synopsis of this hypothesis. The outline will give the peruser a thought concerning how the hypothesis is attached to the occasions for the situation study. As per Burstein, â€Å"organization hypothesis is (the) investigation (of) the advantages of recognizing regular topics (†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦) to take care of issues, amplifying effectiveness and productivity†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(and) addressing the necessities of stakeholders† (p. 45).Advertising Looking for article on sexual orientation contemplates? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Organizational hypothesis is partitioned into three classifications. The three are individual, gathering, and hierarchical procedures. One of the issues tended to in the theory’s singular idea is inspiration among people. To this end, the hypothesis looks to recognize how and why people are propelled. It recognizes the contrasts between the character characteristics of various representatives. What' s more, the theory’s singular idea looks to characterize the jobs that one is prepared to do viably executing in the association without making ambiguities. The second classification of the hypothesis addresses bunch forms. As indicated by the arrangements of the gathering forms classification, the association ought to make working gatherings for the representatives. The representatives will adequately speak with one another inside such gatherings. Also, the workers will successfully synchronize their activities with those of different representatives to serve the association. Under gathering forms, the association should think of an initiative structure, where the pioneer has control over the subordinates. Also, the pioneer ought to have the capacity and ability to impact the subordinates, helping them to viably execute the undertakings alloted to them. Under association forms, the substance is relied upon to think of a one of a kind model. The model will separate the associ ation from different elements working in the market or in a similar industry (Rania 15). To this end, the model characterizes the structure of the association as for that of other organizations.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Analysis of Gender Inequalities in the Workplace explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More moreover, the model characterizes the division and stream of intensity in the association. As a rule, associations make their own way of life, which is explicit to its workplace. Thus, workers coincide calmly with the supervisory group. The two gatherings join their endeavors and work towards the accomplishment of the set objectives. The three ideas broke down above effect essentially on the tasks of the association. To this end, the three ideas decide how sex is seen in the association. They are utilized in deciphering the occasions broke down for the situation study gave before. Wellsprings of Gender Inequality The idea of prevalence of one sexual orientation over different has kept ladies out of administration positions. The ladies are accepted to perform preferred as collaborators over as pioneers. The conviction is apparent in Ms Haneen’s case. Male centric society, which is characterized as the predominance of men in the general public, is clear in numerous social orders in the Middle East. It has contrarily influenced the cooperation of ladies being developed procedures. For instance, not very many ladies partake in such segments as paid work, training, and administration contrasted with men. Social and strict decent varieties have altogether modified the auxiliary edge of numerous social orders on the planet today. The jobs and obligations of ladies in the general public discover their implications in culture and religion. Sexual orientation jobs are enlivened by social qualities, standards, and different social practices. Much of the time, the job of the lady in the general public is constrained t o housework. Therefore, the ladies who figure out how to make sure about proper business are considered as fortunate (Hurst 176). The ladies themselves think about this as twofold work, battling to find some kind of harmony between office work and residential chores.Advertising Searching for exposition on sexual orientation examines? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Religion has generally preferred men over ladies. Men are viewed as the sole providers in the family. Thus, ladies are debilitated from taking an interest in labor related exercises. As per the lessons of Islam, ladies should act as capable housewives. They are entrusted with the obligation of bringing up their kids as indicated by the lessons of the Quran (Wood 213). Male controlled society has discovered its way into the work place. Most ladies are profoundly qualified contrasted with men. Likewise, some of them have tremendous involvement with their field of ability. Much of the time, their presentation is exceptional. A case of such a lady is Ms. Haneen. Notwithstanding this experience and capabilities, the ladies are not allowed the chance to work in administrative positions. The inability to elevate ladies to higher administration positions is related with the structure of the general public. Furthermore, the disappointment is related with the perspectives, convictions, and fee lings held by individuals in the general public. Political structures and sentiments with respect to what ladies represent in a general public are additionally to fault for this disappointment. It has prompted low confidence among ladies in the work place. Also, it has diminished the confidence of ladies in the work place. The presentation of ladies in the working environment decays when they get familiar with the ‘hard truth’ (Wood 129). Because of debilitated financial development during the 1990s, most managers liked to recruit men instead of ladies. The inclination was buttressed by the idea that â€Å"men’s pay is progressively critical to their families† (World Bank 34). On understanding this, ladies dropped out of the work advertise. They dropped out of the market on understanding that their probability of getting employed was fundamentally decreased. The United Nations Development Program (in this alluded to as UNDP) has named the progressing sexua l orientation imbalances in the Arab countries as a ‘significant obstruction to human development’ in that locale (Rania 3). Sex imbalance adversely influences human advancement given that a noteworthy number of ladies in the district are ignorant. Likewise, not many ladies are occupied with formal work. Lack of education among ladies has adversely affected on day to day environments, prompting high paces of infections and passing in the nation. A Structural Frame Just like some other association, the KPMG’s significant objective is to make benefits from its activities. Another target of the association is to extend its piece of the overall industry. What's more, the association needs to curb the contenders and develop as the pioneer in the market as far as expense consultancy, reviewing, and ‘executive hunt and selection’ of representatives. The destinations of this association will be accomplished by getting the correct individuals to work for the association. For quite a while, female representatives have demonstrated their assurance in accomplishing the set objectives and goals. The female representatives have demonstrated this by adequately speaking with the supervisors and different partners. What's more, the representatives have demonstrated their productivity in utilizing the accessible assets to meet the goals of the association. They relate well with their kindred workers. Thus, they upgrade the encounters of others in the association. The capacity of ladies to accomplish this in the working environment is distinctively outlined by Ms Haneen for the situation study. The ladies are equipped for keeping up a conventional relationship with their bosses and individual coworkers. They have demonstrated their capacity to determinedly execute the errands allocated to them by the chiefs. By and large, they perform superior to their male partners. There are different reasons why KPMG have urged female workers to take an intere st in the running of

MAP Grant Deadline February 27

MAP Grant Deadline February 27 This post is for all of you Illinois residents out there, and its an important one. Weve just been notified by the Illinois Student Assistance Commission that in order for you to be considered for the State of Illinois Monetary Award Program (MAP) grant, they must receive your 2018-2019  Free Application for Federal Student Aid  (FAFSA) by this coming Tuesday, February 27. This means that if you havent turned in your FAFSA yet, now is definitely the time to do so! Remember that the FAFSA allows students to receive various forms of need-based financial aid, including loans, work-study, and grants. Grants do not have to be paid back and are extremely helpful to students who demonstrate financial need. The MAP grant is for Illinois residents only and can provide up to $4,869 per year. So again, if youre an Illinois resident, I strongly encourage you to complete and submit your FAFSA application by Tuesday  so that you may be considered for as many financial awards as possible! Our school code is 001775. If you have questions regarding the MAP grant or your FAFSA, you can contact the  Office of Student Financial Aid at 217-333-0100. Brian Assistant Director, Undergraduate Admissions I'm here to help high school students and their families navigate the college search process. An Illinois alumnus (LAS ’02), I had the honor to play football for the Orange and Blue.

The Third Article Is By Murali ( 2004 ) Essay - 1674 Words

The third article is by Murali (2004). This article looks into poverty at a deeper level and explores how it directly and indirectly affects mental health. It looks at it in the context of the growing inequality between the classes. This article mainly focuses on the children and how their social class shapes their mental health. It is important to look at how it affects children, because the children as they grow can either accept it or work hard to change it. It is hard to see upward mobility from the parents class. It is possible but usually there is only a one-class change. Focusing on how class affect children can help create treatments to help the child better coup with life as an adult. It also looks into how they plan to reduce inequality both nationally and internationally (Murali, 2004). This is important to look at because it can help explain the differences in mental health between the social classes. The fourth article I found is by Artazcoz, Benach, Borrell, Cortà ¨s (2004). This article looks at the interactions among genders, family roles, and social class. This article helps explain the common findings of how the lower class has more mental health problems. It explains how unemployment affects the families’ mental health. It also explains why which is needed for comparison to the upper classes’ stresses (Artazcoz, Benach, Borrell, Cortà ¨s, 2004). This article is important because it explains how unemployment changes your family dynamic and can change yourShow MoreRelatedVeteran Mental Illness and System Justification Theory1461 Words   |  6 Pagesopportunity for many who do not have other options. According to a 2007 AP report, over half of the troops killed in Iraq came from towns where the percentage of people living in poverty was above the national average (Mariscal, 2007). In 2004, nearly two-thirds of all Army recruits where from counties in which median household income fell below the national median (Tyson, 2005). The military relies on economically disadvantaged citizens to fill its ranks, deploys them to combat zones repeatedly andRead MoreA Career as a Flight Attendant1182 Words   |  5 Pagesattendants was $37,240 in May 2012. Moreover, Wallner (2000) explained flight attendant’s duties. First, flight attendants make sure that passengers should follow safety regulation. Second, flight attendants should provide safety and comport to passengers. Third, flight attendants should show their good service performance to passengers. This research paper purports to help people interested in a job of a flight attendant to finalize their career choice and dispel the myth that being a flight attendantRead MorePolitical Participation During The Panchayati Raj Institutions : A Selected Case Study Of Burdwan District Of West Bengal5146 Words   |  21 Pagesare participation of people in democracy, self- realization of an individual and expansion and developing forms of democratic governance(Introducing the Human Development and Capability Approach).Describing the changes of twentieth century, Siddiqui (2004), pointed out two interdependent variables that has changed the scenario considerably. First one is the development of natural science and technology and remaining one is the ideological shift. The science and technology offer immense material resourcesRead MoreResearch Methodology16940 Words   |  68 Pagesundertake research without any aim possibly because of not being able to think of anything else to do. Suc h students can also become good researchers by motivating themselves toward a respectable goal. In the words of Prof.P.Balaram [Current Science, 87(2004)1319] Ph.D. degree is a passport to a research career. The Ph.D. period often inï ¬â€šuence a research scholar to make or to break in a scientiï ¬ c career. (9) Social research helps ï ¬ nd answers to social problems. They explain social phenomena and seek solutionRead MoreAccounting 1-4 Chapter100452 Words   |  402 Pagesformalize your duties and contributions in a written partnership agreement. Retail and service-type businesses, including professional practices (lawyers, doctors, architects, and certified public accountants), often organize as partnerships. As a third alternative, you might organize as a corporation. A business organized as a separate legal entity owned by stockholders is a corporation. Investors in a corporation receive shares of stock to indicate their ownership claim. Buying stock in a corporation

Social Issues Faced By Women - 1917 Words

â€Å"One is not born woman, but rather becomes woman†, Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. With the beginning of a new series of sustainable developmental goals for planet to look forward to, gender equality has managed to grab a standalone goal for sustenance. Exchanging roles series under the umbrella of global goals are much talked about way of spreading awareness about gender equality in India. But the journeys of the demand for care to the care givers have not been a cake walk. Neither has it reached its goal to address the major social issues faced by women yet. Ranked 124th (towards the bottom of 136 countries) in the 2013 Global Gender Gap index, for women’s economic participation, India’s status as a fast growing economy ends up with a big question mark. With 85% of the females involved in informal employment (non-agricultural), they constitute only 30% of all the economically active individuals. 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Disparities in Diagnosis of Depression Free Essays

In the paper, â€Å"Disparities in Diagnosis of Depression†, the author has made a mention of the problem of African-Americans being less likely to report, getting evaluated or diagnosed for depression, mania or anxiety than their White Counterparts (Gary 2005). This paper would be concentrating on the reasons for this problem. In history, African Americans have been the victims of chattel slavery and many people felt that they could be suffering from certain mental changes. We will write a custom essay sample on Disparities in Diagnosis of Depression or any similar topic only for you Order Now Many people considered them to be suffering from a psychiatric disorder known as ‘draptemania’ (characterized by the need to flee from captivity). Although, African-Americans have an inherent nature not to get depressed very easily because of their apparent happy character, the condition is also at a greater risk of going undiagnosed, under-diagnosed or even misdiagnosed. This was a concern existing since a long time and even till today this problem is existing (Baker, 2000, pp. 3167). Minority communities especially African-American’s may make up a vital portion of the US population, and if health problems exist, the health status, economic welfare and quality of living of the entire nation would certainly be affected. Only a small portion of the minority population would be receiving ideal mental healthcare (Reus, 2001). It may not be felt that the mental health services for the African-American Communities should be improved as the risk of developing depression is comparatively lower compared to the White population. Besides, the mental health services may be only developed to lower the occurrence of mental disorders rather than treating a much bigger problem (which could be increasing the risk of developing the disorder) (Witt, 2006). Many of the healthcare providers (such as hospitals, public healthcare settings, etc) tend to focus a lot on the ethnicity of the patients (usually the color the skin) rather than on the individual healthcare requirements and the several socio-economic factors. Several of these providers assume certain problems or issues to have occurred (such as social problems, racial issues, trauma, alienation, etc), which would be responsible for the mental health disorder. The African-American Population may have certain negative experiences with the healthcare system, and hence in the future this ethnic group would develop negative feelings towards the system, thus reducing their reliance on it. Hence, such individuals are less likely to go to the healthcare providers to seek medical care, and in such instances several mental disorders would go undiagnosed and untreated (Mallett, 2000). Several individuals belonging to the minority community may not seek mental health services as they may fear that they may be misunderstood and further they may undergo ill-treatment due to the prevailing lags in culture, ethnicity, language and literary levels. Many of the African-Americans who are seeking mental health services may be locked or held in the hospital wards and forced to undergo treatment. They may be administered drugs in greater than normal dosage and all laws and regulations regarding management may be ignored, misused and by-passed. The White Physicians may be biased while diagnosing and treating African-American mental patients. They may discriminate them racially and be arrogant with them. Some physicians may genuinely have a problem with African-American patients as they may not know the patient’s language and culture (Mallett, 2000). Besides this, several other causes such as homelessness, the presence of several other general disorders, access to illegal drugs, lower levels of insurance coverage, etc, amongst African-American population were responsible for the lower chances of several mental disorders getting evaluated and treated (O’toole, T. P. , Pollini, R. , Gray, P. Jones, T. ; 2007). How to cite Disparities in Diagnosis of Depression, Papers

Labour Productivity of Unincorporated Sole Proprietorships and Partner

Question: You are a semi senior member of staff at the Accounting firm Turpin, Barker and Armstrong based in Sutton. You have been appointed to deal with a pair of new prospective clients who have inherited quite a substantial sum of money from their grandfathers will.These two are brothers want to set up a business but have no knowledge as to what type of business they want to get into let alone the form of business entity available to them 1. As a Semi-Senior member of the accounting staff, you are required to write a report to be delivered by your firm to these brothers explaining the issues below: 2. Explain the different forms of business units(sole proprietorship, partnership, limited company) available, highlighting the benefits and limitations of each? 3. Explain financial accounting and management accounting, highlighting the differences between the two strands of accounting ? 4. Assuming that you have not been given any information about the inheritance of the brothers. Explain the sources of finance available to a business owner, looking at Short-term sources, Medium-term sources and Long-term sources of finance giving examples of each.? Answer: Introduction: The phrase management accounting means the skill of constructing the information of management and the fiscal reports which presents the specific and apposite economic and precise data essential by the members of the board of the firm to take squat tenure decisions (Jagels, Coltman and Coltman, 2004). The term financial accounting means the skill which shows the yearly report for the stock holders of the firm for example the balance sheet of the entity and the statement of income of the entity. The datas which are set by the company for the investors of the entity, the department of tax of the entity and also for the stake holders of the entity. The research analyst analyzed from this research that the various categories of business units reachable in the corporate market and the conception of financial accounting and the notion of management accounting (Robbins and Coulter, 2005). 1:Various forms of business units: Sole Proprietorships: An industry which is operated by an individual is known as the sole proprietorship firm. It is one of the ordinary and simplest types of a business. In this form of business the industry is able to manage a number of persons in relation to the concern business but as far as the proprietorship of the company are concerns it has to be one and specific. This kind of entrepreneurship is quite easy to establish and the entire amount of the profit can be enjoyed by the owner himself subject to some exceptions (Daily, 2008). Procedure for formation of sole proprietorship business: In a comparison to the other form of business, establishment of this form of business is very easy. At the primary level if a person would like to start a company then that person can establish a sole proprietorship company. For the purpose of establishment and controlling no special kind of license is necessary for the proprietor. In case of a sole proprietary business, it can be dissolved when the owner would like to dissolve it, it totally depends upon the will of the owner whether he would like to conduct the business procedure or not (Baldwin, Rispoli and Leung, 2011). Merits of sole proprietary business: In comparison to the other industry a sole proprietary business has a lot more merits. A sole proprietary company acquires special advantages as to tax benefits as well as its operational field. Simple way of constructing the company is one of the major operational benefits of the sole proprietary companies. In this kind of companies the owner runs the business single handedly and looks after all the factors relating to the conducts of the business. In case of a sole proprietary company, payment of diverse tax is not essential, the taxable amount depends upon the total gain of the company and it is filed by the income tax form of the concern owner himself (Batten, 2011). Demerits of sole proprietary business: In comparison to other industries, operational demerits and demerits relating to the liability of the company exists in a vast manner. One of the main disadvantage of this form of business is the owner of the business is liable for the liabilities of his business, it is possible that in spite of dissolving the business the owner have to discharge the liabilities of the business at his own responsibility (Harden, 2011). Another demerit of this kind of business is that the owner cannot include in the concern business another owner then that will not remain as the sole proprietorship business any more. If the owner of the business is not so well capable in relation to the conducts of the business then it is possible that the business may run on loss as the operational functions of the business mainly depends upon the credential of the owner of the concern business. Dissolve of the business: This form of business dissolves at the will of the owner, whenever the owner of the business would like to stop running the business then the business dissolves itself. Partnership business: If two or more person together takes an initiation to form a business jointly with an object of sharing profit or loss among them, then it will be considered as the partnership business. The persons who jointly establish the company are known as the partners of the concern company (Weiss, Serlis-McPhillips and Malafi, 2011). The partners of a partnership business are responsible to introduce the required capital in the business as specified proportionate and they may distribute the workload of the business among them. At the time of opening a partnership company the owners or the partners have to make sure some of the necessary decisions, like the proportion of profit or loss, amount of capital and it proportions among them, their post and role in the conduct of the business and many other major and minor factors are to be decided by the partners. To avoid conflicts and for the purpose of legal enforceability a partnership agreement as to the business is formed by the partners where all the necessary terms and conditions in relation to the partnership business in clearly mentioned, in this agreement it is also mentioned that if one partner dies what will be the future aspect in this regard. By virtue of the terms of the agreement partners used to control the conduct of the business, this agreement is known as partnership deed, it must be in writing instead of oral agreement for avoiding future ambiguities (Gage, 2004). Characteristics of partnership business: 1. More than one member: In a partnership form of business there must be at least two members but this number of two members may be increased. In this form of business two or several persons jointly construct the business and run the business with an object of earning profits. These persons are known as the partners of the business (Biech, 2007). 2. Partnership deed: In a partnership business there must be an agreement among the partners of the concern business where all the necessary terms and conditions relating to the partnership of the business are mentioned, this agreement is known as the partnership deed (Pelle, 2007).3. Legality: In a partnership business the subject matter of the business and the conduct of the business must be lawful, and no illegal work is permissible within the scope of a partnership business. All the partners of the business are lawfully bound under the partnership deed (Jasper, 2001).4. Competency of partners: For the purpose of entering into a partnership agreement as well as a partnership deed the partners must be competent to contract like the partners must have attained the age of maturity, is of sound mind and enough capable of understanding the terms and conditions of the partnership deed.5. Distribution of profit or loss: In a partnership business all the partners are entitle to share the profits of the business in accordance to the terms of the partnership deed and in absence of any such term in the partnership deed then all the partners are entitle to share the profits equally. In case of a loss in the business all the partners are liable to share such loss in accordance to their proportion into the profit of the business. Advantages and disadvantages of partnership business: In a partnership business, capital introduction is quite easy as it is introduced by several partners in a proportion. Operational functions are also very business friendly in nature. Risks and liabilities of the business get low as it is distributed among all the partners (Cavusgil, Knight and Riesenberger, 2012). There are some demerits in this form of business like there is no limitation as to the debt of the partnership firm. There is possibility of lack of efficiency from the partners. The process of profit shifting is very rigid in nature. There is no assurance of the future existence of the partnership business (Kimmel, Weygandt and Kieso, 2011). Limited company: The establishment of incorporation that confines the entire measure of accountability should be underneath unease of the stockpile holders of the business. The explanation of this type of establishment of a commercial company is adept in the European nations. It is usually famous in name of Limited Liability Company. Subsequently, this type of business is recognized as Liability Company (Clayton, 2008). In the corporate sector there are two kind of limited company exists namely private limited company and the other one is public limited company. The virtual scope of limited companies is very vast, even a lot of limited companies are running from more than one generation. Formation of limited company: For the purpose of establishing a limited company the initiators have to register the name of the company with the House of Companies in accordance to the company laws of the nation. The registration of the company falls under the Companies Act 2006. In 21st century there are more than a couple of million companies within the territory of Europe. According to the provisions of the Companies Act 2006 every company must have at least one director and one company secretary (Hannigan, 2009). Advantages and disadvantages of company: The scope of the limited companies is very vast and the conducts of the limited companies are quite prompt. It does not get dissolved by the wish of the directors but it has a separate legal entity in the eyes of the law. The procedure for establishment of a limited company is quite difficult in comparison to other form of companies. In this kind of business huge amount capital is needed which may put a hurdle in the formation of the company. Limited companies influence CENVAT in the field of legislations. 2: Concept of Management Accounting: The term management accounting consist the method of constructing the information of financial records and management that assists the administrators in taking short term decisions by taking into consideration such suitable information (Hamada, 2010). Concept of financial accounting: Financial accounting means a method that shows the financial condition of a company for a specific period of time, for example, balance sheet, manufacturing account, P/L account etc. Distinction between management accounting and financial accounting: Management accounting helps the administrators to take short term decisions and it comprises the part of financial accounting of the company itself but financial accounting helps the company in analyzing the financial condition of the company and the amount of profit or loss earned by the company in a financial year. 3: In accordance with the character of the foundation of finance, they are chiefly categorized as inner resource and outer resource. However, they are also classified as a short tenure resource of finance, intermediate tenure resource of finance and lengthy tenure resource of finance. Short tenure resources of finance are obtainable merely for a single year. Likewise, intermediate tenure resources of finance are obtainable for trade up to five consecutive years and lengthy tenure resources of finance are obtainable for a term of more than five years. Private resources of finance are able to be classified in accordance with either of three of the above specified heads. On the other hand, regular share capital is the most important lengthy tenure resource in the field of finance. Additionally, bank loan, venture capital, and loan capital are too measured as the lengthy tenure resource of finance. Then again, numerous loan capitals also considered as the intermediate tenure resource of finance. Yet again, one of the major short tenure resources of finance is bank overdraft. Whilst taking into consideration any resources in relation to finance whether it is short tenure, intermediate tenure or lengthy tenure, there desires to mull over the lawful construction of the trade association resembling whether it is Limited or Private Limited Company. For instance, Limited and Private Limited Company are able to sell their shares, but sole proprietors; even business of partnership firm is unable to do this. Hence, depending upon the lawful construction of the industry, the resources of finance might be altered. Likewise, the utilization of finance also shows what type of resource desires to be utilized. For instance, for establishing a fresh business the proprietor must go for lengthy tenure resource of finance. Additionally, the revenue level points out what type of resource of finance have to be used. In this context, the echelon of hazard or risk enchanting competencies, inclination of the proprietors, the echelon of sum necessary mostly influence the accessibility of the resources of finance. Conclusion: In this context various forms of business and their advantages as well as disadvantages has been highlighted. Apart from that the purpose of management accounting and financial accounting is also been discussed with the assistance of various references. Recommendation: Every form of business has some merits and some demerits, the trader should take into consideration of the business he is looking for and should take necessary adaptions for encountering demerits of the business. References: Baldwin, J., Rispoli, L. and Leung, D. (2011).Labour productivity of unincorporated sole proprietorships and partnerships. Ottawa, Ont.: Statistics Canada, Economic Analysis Division. Batten, D. (2011).Gale encyclopedia of American law. Detroit, Mich.: Gale. Biech, E. (2007).The business of consulting. San Francisco: Pfeiffer. Cavusgil, S., Knight, G. and Riesenberger, J. (2012).International business. Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall/Pearson. Clayton, P. (2008).Forming a limited company. London: Kogan Page. Daily, F. (2008).Tax savvy for small business. Berkeley, CA: NOLO. Gage, D. (2004).The partnership charter. New York: Basic Books. Hamada, K. (2010).Business group management in Japan. Singapore: World Scientific. Hannigan, B. (2009).Company law. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Harden, B. (2011).The adviser's guide to S corps, C corps, partnerships, LLCs, and sole proprietorships. New York: American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. Jagels, M., Coltman, M. and Coltman, M. (2004).Hospitality management accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley. Jasper, M. (2001).Law for the small business owner. Dobbs Ferry, N.Y.: Oceana Publications. Kimmel, P., Weygandt, J. and Kieso, D. (2011).Accounting. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Pelle, S. (2007).Understanding emerging markets. New Delhi: Response Books. Robbins, S. and Coulter, M. (2005).Management. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Weiss, L., Serlis-McPhillips, S. and Malafi, E. (2011).Small business and the public library. Chicago: American Library Association.

The True Devils In Salem Essays - Salem Witch Trials, The Crucible

The True Devils in Salem English - The Crucible by Arthur Miller The True Devils in Salem In The Crucible by Arthur Miller, the madness of the Salem witch trials is explored in great detail. There are many theories as to why the witch trials came about, the most popular of which is the girls' suppressed childhoods. However, there were other factors as well, such as Abigail Williams' affair with John Proctor, the secret grudges that neighbors held against each other, and the physical and economic differences between the citizens of Salem Village. From a historical viewpoint, it is known that young girls in colonial Massachusetts were given little or no freedom to act like children. They were expected to walk straight, arms by their sides, eyes slightly downcast, and their mouths were to be shut unless otherwise asked to speak. It is not surprising that the girls would find this type of lifestyle very constricting. To rebel against it, they played pranks, such as dancing in the woods, listening to slaves' magic stories and pretending that other villagers were bewitching them. The Crucible starts after the girls in the village have been caught dancing in the woods. As one of them falls sick, rumors start to fly that there is witchcraft going on in the woods, and that the sick girl is bewitched. Once the girls talk to each other, they become more and more frightened of being accused as witches, so Abigail starts accusing others of practicing witchcraft. The other girls all join in so that the blame will not be placed on them. In The Crucible, Abigail starts the accusations by saying, "I go back to Jesus; I kiss his hand. I saw Sarah Good with the Devil! I saw Goody Osburn with the Devil! I saw Bridget Bishop with the Devil!" Another girl, Betty, continues the cry with, "I saw George Jacobs with the Devil! I saw Goody Howe with the Devil!" >From here on, the accusations grow and grow until the jails overflow with accused witches. It must have given them an incredible sense of power when the whole town of Salem listened to their words and believed each and every accusation. After all, children were to be seen and not heard in Puritan society, and the newfound attention was probably overwhelming. In Act Three of The Crucible, the girls were called before the judges to defend themselves against the claims that they were only acting. To prove their innocence, Abigail led the other girls in a chilling scene. Abby acted as if Mary Warren sent her spirit up to the rafters and began to talk to the spirit. "Oh Mary, this is a black art to change your shape. No, I cannot, I cannot stop my mouth; it's God's work I do." The other girls all stared at the rafters in horror and began to repeat everything they heard. Finally, the girls' hysterics caused Mary Warren to accuse John Proctor of witchcraft. Once the scam started, it was too late to stop, and the snowballing effect of wild accusations soon resulted in the hanging of many innocents. After the wave of accusations began, grudges began to surface in the community. Small slights were made out to be witchcraft, and bad business deals were blamed on witchery. Two characters in The Crucible, Giles Corey and Thomas Putnam, argue early on about a plot of land. Corey claims that he bought it from Goody Nurse but Putnam says he owns it, and Goody Nurse had no right to sell it. Later, when Putnam's daughter accuses George Jacobs of witchery, Corey claims that Putnam only wants Jacobs' land. Giles says, "If Jacobs hangs for a witch he forfeit up his property - that's law! And there is none but Putnam with the coin to buy so great a piece. This man is killing his neighbors for their land!" Others also had hidden motives for accusing their neighbors. Once the accusations began, everyone had a reason to accuse someone else which is why the hangings got so out of hand. The wave of accusations can be likened to mass hysteria, in which the people involved are so caught up that they start having delusions of neighbors out to do them harm. One of the main accusers, Abigail Williams, had an ulterior motive for accusing Elizabeth Proctor. In The Crucible, Abigail believed that if she got rid of Goody Proctor, then John Proctor, her husband, would turn to Abby. John Proctor had an affair with Abigail, but for

Characteristics of a Good Editor

Characteristics of a Good Editor You dont have to work for a magazine or newspaper to benefit from the help of a good editor. Even if she seems nit-picky with her line edits, remember that the editor is on your side. A good editor addresses your writing style and creative content, among many other details. Editing styles will vary, so find an editor that gives you the safe space to be creative and make mistakes simultaneously.   The Editor and the Writer Carl Sessions Stepp, the author of Editing for Todays Newsroom, believes editors should practice restraint and refrain from immediately reshaping the content in their own images. He has advised editors to read an article all the way through, open your mind to the logic of the [writers] approach, and offer at least minimal courtesy to the professional who has dripped blood for it.   Jill Geisler of The Poynter Institute says a writer must be able to trust that an editor respects the writers ownership of a story and can resist the temptation to completely write a new and improved version. Says Geisler, Thats fixing, not coaching. ... When you fix stories by doing instant rewrites, there may be a thrill in showing off your skill. By coaching writers, you discover better ways to craft copy. Gardner Botsford of The New Yorker magazine says that a good editor is a mechanic, or craftsman, while a good writer is an artist, adding that that the less competent the writer, the louder the protests over editing. Editor As Critical Thinker Editor-in-chief Mariette DiChristina says editors must be organized, able to see the structure where it does not exist and able to identify the missing pieces or gaps in logic that bring the writing together. [M]ore than being good writers, editors must be good critical thinkers who can recognize and evaluate good writing [or who] can figure out how to make the most of the not-so-good writing. ... [A] good editor needs a sharp eye for detail, writes DiChristina.   A Quiet Conscience The legendary, shy, strong-willed editor of The New Yorker, William Shawn, wrote that it is one of the comic burdens of [an] editor not to be able to explain to anyone else exactly what he does. An editor, writes Shawn, must only counsel when the writer requests it, acting on occasion as a conscience and helping the writer in any way possible to say what he wants to say. Shawn writes that the work of a good editor, like the work of a good teacher, does not reveal itself directly; it is reflected in the accomplishments of others. A Goal-Setter Writer and editor Evelynne Kramer say the best editor is patient and always keeps in mind the long-term goals with the writer and not just what they see on the screen. Says Kramer, We can all get better at what we do, but improvement sometimes takes a lot of time and, more often than not, in fits and starts. A Partner Editor-in-chief Sally Lee says the ideal editor brings out the best in a writer and allows a writers  voice  to shine through. A good editor makes a writer feel challenged, enthusiastic and valuable. An editor is only as good as her writers, says Lee. An Enemy of Cliches Media columnist and reporter David Carr said the best editors  are the enemies  of clichà ©s and tropes, but not the overburdened writer who occasionally resorts to them. Carr stated that the perfect traits of a good editor are good judgment, an appropriate bedside manner and an ability to conjure occasional magic in the space between writer and editor.

Hospital Scenario Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Hospital Scenario - Essay Example This happened wrong-patient-wrong-medication happened because I did not ensure the Five Rights, which are the right medication, the right dose, the right patient, the right route and the right time. I did not check the patient’s identity and double-check her medications. I became too complacent and did not verify the patient’s name, date of birth, allergies, a unit record number and ID arm-band with the date on the patient’s medication chart (Crisp & Taylor, 2005). I also failed to inform the patient of the name of the medication that the doctor gave her. I was too preoccupied at the right time she should take the medicine that I lost track of the right medication for the patient. I also did not ensure the right procedure of preparing a medication. I missed comparing the label of the medication with the prescription on the medication chart when getting the Daonil tablets. I even forgot to wash my hands prior to the preparation of the medication. In addition, I sh ould have checked Miss Irwin’s medication chart as soon as the patient requested to have her Daonil tablets because patients are usually familiar with their medication (Galbraith, Bullock & Manias, 2003). Although at this point, I should have checked with the doctor because the patient is asking for a different medication from the one on the medication chart.  To understand the situation better, I need to know how to manage and prevent mistakes in giving the right medication for the right patient at the right time.... In addition, I should have checked Miss Irwin's medication chart as soon as the patient requested to have her Daonil tablets because patients are usually familiar with their medication (Galbraith, Bullock & Manias, 2003). Although at this point, I should have checked with the doctor because the patient is asking for a different medication from the one on the medication chart. What information do I need in order to understand the situation better Why is this information relevant and to whom (collect and analyse relevant data) To understand the situation better, I need to know how to manage and prevent mistakes in giving the right medication for the right patient at the right time. First, the five rights is the most important way to prevent mistakes in giving medication since medication errors tend to occur when a nurse pays little attention to the five rights (Dennison, 2005; O'Shea, 1999). Right patient: Always check the patient's identity, such as the patient's name, date of birth, allergies, unit record number and ID arm-band comparing this with the data on the patient's medication chart (Galbraith, Bullock & Manias, 2003; Ignatavicius, 2000). Right drug: Double-check the label and the right dosage of medication and any particular order in the medication; compare this with the data on the medication chart. Inform the patient of the name of the medication and should the doctor fail to explain why this is given to her, the attending nurse should be ready and able to give details as to why this is given. This gives a patient a chance to prevent or inform the nurse about a possible medication error. A nurse should also have enough information on medications, such as the effect, adverse reactions

Slumdog Millionaire. World and Independent Cinema Essay

Slumdog Millionaire. World and Independent Cinema - Essay Example The movie is a non-Hollywood production because it is casted in Indian origin. Slumdog Millionaire drama is in the category of Indo-British productions, not a strictly British drama. Discussion Slumdog Millionaire by Danny Boyle is a movie so upbeat and fascinating that, as one shares its infectious tone of optimism to colleagues, he could forget that the movie features orphans, slaughter, poverty, oppression, organized crime and policy hostility in its crowd moving repertoire of pain and renewal. In fact, the move culminates with and stand-up-and-dance mood. Produced purely in India and high on location, the film fabric is captivatingly rational. The story featured in the film is a pure fantasy motivated, in part, by Celador’s, co-producer, motive to enshrine its victorious innovation, the game show â€Å"Who wishes to become a millionaire?† in a film (Bloese and Shipton, 2010, p.42). Additionally, Boyle manages to leave these scary starts behind to produce a movie cha racterized by creativity and humanity and always looks on the attractive part of the tragedy. The play is a comprehensive conceit: Simon Beaufoy, the writer has split up the novel by Swarup Vikas and translated it into rags-to-riches yarn regarding Dev Patel or Jamal, a juvenile slum-born grown-up in Mumbai who presents such a fabulous presentation on ‘Millionaire’. ... , an 18-year-old teen orphan from Mumbai slum reflects back on his turbulent life while struggling to gain twenty million Indian rupees on Boyle stirring file of â€Å"who wishes to become a Millionaire.† Malik Jamal does not have a coin of his own, but he believes that this could change in a transform immediately. He is just a question away from winning the key prize on the most popular TV game show, in India, but as with all previous experiences in life of Jamal, this is not going to be possible (Bloese and Shipton, 2010, p.48). Detained by police under mistrust of deception, Jamal is questioned by authorities. In fact, the police cannot imagine that a mere â€Å"slumdog† could have the knowledge to attain such success in the game. Therefore, in a bid to convince the police of how he earned the knowledge, Jamal starts flashing back on his earlier life as a child. As a small boy, Jamal lived in shabbiness, and lost his mommy in a mass violence on Muslims. Consequently, Jamal and his brother Salim were force to depend on their wits to live, the desperate boys ended up in petty crime, ultimately befriending lovable yet gutsy teen Latika as they searched for shelter and food on the intolerant Mumbai streets. Although street live was never smooth, Jamal experiences eventually imparted the expertise required to answer the challenging questions asked to him on the show. Although Jamal makes a persuasive argument for himself, a substantial question remains, why would a teenage with no clear need for riches or recognition be so strong-minded to earn large sum on a national television game? Slumdog Millionaire film is core authored by Caledor Movies, directors of the original television show rights, and so it acts works as a character-length product placement for the project,

Understanding How The Internet Works Information Technology Essay

Understanding How The Internet Works Information Technology Essay The Internet has been around since the early 1970s. It was the name given to the system that connected together the computers of various Military Institutions, select group of research laboratories, commercial companies and universities through dedicated leased 1ines. With the advent of newer and. faster computers, organizations conducting research and/or active commercial development, felt a greater need to communicate data to their concerns, through some fast, reliable network system. Therefore, slowly and steadily, more and more organizations (specifically, computers) were connected to the Inter net. In the early 1980s with the evolution of mini-computers, and the emerging IBM desktop personal computer, the need to connect systems was growing at a remarkable pace and consequently by late 1980s, literally hundreds of thousands of computers were connected to the Internet. It was virtually becoming a seemingly impossible task to determine exactly how many computers were communicating on the Internet. To further strengthen the cause of this promising network, countries outside the United States were also busy setting up their own internal networks and were getting connected to the Internet backbone. Suddenly, the vast distances that information once had to travel with aids such as the facsimile, telex and even the courier service were short-circuited by the Internet. Here, information traveled at nearly the speed of light, finding the least busy gateway to its destination, ensuring that the message was fully intact by using error correction techniques, employing etiquettes by compres sing itself so as to create more room on the network for more data traffic and once reaching its destination, informing its source, that it has safety reached its intended place and with complete message intact. The system was also intelligent enough to know exactly when and where an error has occurred when the data which was sent did not reach its destination. What is Internet? Internet is a computer-based worldwide information networks. The Internet is composed of a large number of smaller interconnected networks. These networks may link tens, hundreds, or thousands of computers, enabling them to share information with each other and to share various resources, such as powerful supercomputers and databases of information. The Internet has made it possible for people all over the world to effectively and inexpensively communicate with each other. Unlike traditional broadcasting media, such as radio and television, the Internet is a decentralized system. Each connected individual can communicate with anyone else on the Internet, can publish ideas, and can sell products with a minimum overhead cost. The Internet has brought new opportunity for businesses to offer goods and services online. In the future, it may have an equally dramatic impact on higher education as more universities offer Internet-based courses. The networks from which the Internet is composed are usually public access networks, meaning that the resources of the network can be shared with anyone logging on to, or accessing, the network. Other types of networks, called intranets, are closed to public use. Intranets are the most common type of computer network used in companies and organizations where it is important to restrict access to the information contained on the network. How the Internet Works? The Internet is based on the concept of a client-server relationship between computers, also called client/server architecture. In a client/server architecture, some computers act as information providers (servers), while other computers act as information receivers (clients). The client/server architecture is not one-to-one-that is, a single client computer may access many different servers, and a single server may be accessed by a number of different client computers. Prior to the mid-1990s, servers were usually very powerful computers such as mainframe or supercomputers, with extremely high processing speeds and large amounts of memory. Personal computers and workstations, however, are now capable of acting as Internet servers due to advances in computing technology. A client computer is any computer that receives information from a server. A client computer may be a personal computer, a pared-down computer (sometimes called a Web appliance), or a wireless device such as a handhel d computer or a cellular telephone. To access information on the Internet, a user must first log on, or connect, to the client computers host network. A host network is a network that the client computer is part of, and is usually a local area network (LAN). Once a connection has been established, the user may request information from a remote server. If the information requested by the user resides on one of the computers on the host network, that information is quickly retrieved and sent to the users terminal. If the information requested by the user is on a server that does not belong to the host LAN, then the host network connects to other networks until it makes a connection with the network containing the requested server. In the process of connecting to other networks, the host may need to access a router, a device that determines the best connection path between networks and helps networks to make connections. Once the client computer makes a connection with the server containing the requested information, the server sends the information to the client in the form of a file. A special computer program called a browser enables the user to view the file. Examples of Internet browsers are Mosaic, Netscape, and Internet Explorer. Multimedia files can only be viewed with a browser. Their pared-down counterparts, text-only documents, can be viewed without browsers. Many files are available in both multimedia and text-only versions. The process of retrieving files from a remote server to the users terminal is called downloading. One of the strengths of the Internet is that it is structured around the concept of hypertext. The term hypertext is used to describe an interlinked system of documents in which a user may jump from one document to another in a nonlinear, associative way. The ability to jump from one document to the next is made possible through the use of hyperlinks-portions of the hypertext document that are linked to other related documents on the Internet. By clicking on the hyperlink, the user is immediately connected to the document specified by the link. Multimedia files on the Internet are called hypermedia documents. Accessing the Internet Access to the Internet falls into two broad categories: dedicated access and dial-up access. With dedicated access, the computer is directly connected to the Internet via a router, or the computer is part of a network linked to the Internet. With dial-up access, a computer connects to the Internet with a temporary connection, generally over a telephone line using a modem-a device that converts a computers digital signals into signals that can be transmitted over traditional telephone lines. Digital signals are made up of discrete units, while most telephone lines are analog, meaning that they carry signals that are continuous instead of discrete. Once a signal has traveled over the telephone line, a second modem is required at the other end of the line to reconvert the transmitted signals from analog to digital. Great many companies, called Internet Service Providers (ISPs), provide dial-up or dedicated access to the Internet for a modest fee. Examples of ISPs are America Online (AOL ), the Microsoft Network (MSN), and CompuServe. Todays User Today, with the evolution of the desktop personal computers which now pack the processing power of the minis and main frames of the late 70s and early80s and are still growing more powerful rivaling the processing power of the workstation, PCs have taken a new turn in their applications. Gone are the days when PCs were being used for mediocre word processing, small scale accounting on a spreadsheet or standalone databases. Users are now programming and creating their own applications. For instance, use of graphical software is on an exponential rise, desktop publishing is being sought after, and various management tools are being employed. Nowadays, the average user of computers has become much more demanding. The world has become much more computer literate, and whether one likes it or not, computers have either already invaded our life or is about to. It is inevitable that in the next five years there will not be a person who has, not come across a computer. Need for a Global Communication System The need to communicate is expanding. People from ordinary walks of life to hard core computer users, are communicating with each other electronically. More and more databases are coming on line. Information from relatively simple services such as electronic mail to reading research articles by some physicist thousands of miles away are all available on line which has facilitated the user to achieve tasks in no time only through the courtesy of the Internet. What is Money? At first sight the answer to this question seems obvious; the man or woman in the street would agree on coins and banknotes, but would they accept them from any country? What about cheques? They would probably be less willing to accept them than their own countrys coins and notes but bank money (i.e. anything for which you can write a cheque) actually accounts for by far the greatest proportion by value of the total supply of money. What about I.O.U.s (I owe you), credit cards and gold? The gold standard belongs to history but even today in many rich people in different parts of the world would rather keep some of their wealth in the form of gold than in official, inflation-prone currencies. The attractiveness of gold, from an aesthetic point of view, and its resistance to corrosion are two of the properties which led to its use for monetary transactions for thousands of years. In complete contrast, a form of money with virtually no tangible properties whatsoever electronic money s eems set to gain rapidly in popularity. All sorts of things have been used as money at different times in different places. The alphabetical list below, taken from page 27 of A History of Money by Glyn Davies, includes but a minute proportion of the enormous variety of primitive moneys, and none of the modern forms. Amber, beads, cowries, drums, eggs, feathers, gongs, hoes, ivory, jade, kettles, leather, mats, nails, oxen, pigs, quartz, rice, salt, thimbles, umiacs, vodka, wampum, yarns, and zappozats (decorated axes). It is almost impossible to define money in terms of its physical form or properties since these are so diverse. Therefore any definition must be based on its functions. Functions of Money Specific functions (mostly micro-economic) Unit of account (abstract) Common measure of value (abstract) Medium of exchange (concrete) Means of payment (concrete) Standard for deferred payments (abstract) Store of value (concrete) General functions (mostly macro-economic and abstract) Liquid asset Framework of the market allocative system (prices) A causative factor in the economy Controller of the economy Causes of the Development of Money Money originated very largely from non-economic causes: from tribute as well as from trade, from blood-money and bride-money as well as from barter, from ceremonial and religious rites as well as from commerce, from ostentatious ornamentation as well as from acting as the common drudge between economic men. One of the most important improvements over the simplest forms of early barter was the tendency to select one or two items in preference to others so that the preferred items became partly accepted because of their qualities in acting as media of exchange. Commodities were chosen as preferred barter items for a number of reasons some because they were conveniently and easily stored, some because they had high value densities and were easily portable and some because they were durable. These commodities, being widely desired, would be easy to exchange for others and therefore they came to be accepted as money. To the extent that the disadvantages of barter provided an impetus for the development of money that impetus was purely economic but archaeological, literary and linguistic evidence of the ancient world and the tangible evidence of actual types of primitive money from many countries demonstrate that barter was not the main factor in the origins and earliest development of money. The Invention of Banking and Coinage The invention of banking preceded that of coinage. Banking originated in Ancient Mesopotamia where the royal palaces and temples provided secure places for the safe-keeping of grain and other commodities. Receipts came to be used for transfers not only to the original depositors but also to third parties. Eventually private houses in Mesopotamia also got involved in these banking operations and laws regulating them were included in the code of Hammurabi. In Egypt too the centralization of harvests in state warehouses also led to the development of a system of banking. Written orders for the withdrawal of separate lots of grain by owners whose crops had been deposited there for safety and convenience, or which had been compulsorily deposited to the credit of the king, soon became used as a more general method of payment of debts to other persons including tax gatherers, priests and traders. Even after the introduction of coinage these Egyptian grain banks served to reduce the need for precious metals which tended to be reserved for foreign purchases, particularly in connection with military activities. Precious metals, in weighed quantities, were a common form of money in ancient times. The transition to quantities that could be counted rather than weighed came gradually. On page 29 of A History of Money Glyn Davies points out that the words spend, expenditure, and pound (as in the main British monetary unit) all come from the Latin expendere meaning to weigh. On page 74 the author points out that the basic unit of weight in the Greek speaking world was the drachma or handful of grain, but the precise weight taken to represent this varied considerably, for example from less than 3 grams in Corinth to more than 6 grams in Aegina. Throughout much of the ancient world the basic unit of money was the stater, meaning literally balancer or weigher. The talent is a monetary unit with which we are familiar with from the Parable of the Talents in the Bible. The talent was also a Greek unit of weight, about 60 pounds. Many primitive forms of money were counted just like coins. Cowrie shells, obtained from some islands in the Indian Ocean, were a very widely used primitive form of money in fact they were still in use in some parts of the world (such as Nigeria) within living memory. So important a role did the cowrie play as money in ancient China that its pictograph was adopted in their written language for money. (page 36) Thus it is not surprising that among the earliest countable metallic money or coins were cowries made of bronze or copper, in China. In addition to these metal cowries the Chinese also produced coins in the form of other objects that had long been accepted in their society as money e.g. spades, hoes, and knives. Although there is some dispute over exactly when these developments first took place, the Chinese tool currencies were in general use at about the same time as the earliest European coins and there have been claims that their origins may have been much earlier, possibly as early as the end of the second millennium BC. The use of tool coins developed (presumably independently) in the West. The ancient Greeks used iron nails as coins, while Julius Caesar regarded the fact that the ancient Britons used sword blades as coins as a sign of their backwardness. (However the Britons did also mint true coins before they were conquered by the Romans). These quasi-coins were all easy to counterfeit and, being made of base metals, of low intrinsic worth and thus not convenient for expensive purchases. True coinage developed in Asia Minor as a result of the practice of the Lydians, of stamping small round pieces of precious metals as a guarantee of their purity. Later, when their metallurgical skills improved and these pieces became more regular in form and weight the seals served as a symbol of both purity and weight. The first real coins were probably minted some time in the period 640 630 BC. Afterwards the use of coins spread quickly from Lydia to Ionia, mainland Greece, and Persia. Paper Money In China the issue of paper money became common from about AD 960 onwards but there had been occasional issues long before that. A motive for one such early issue, in the reign of Emperor Hien Tsung 806-821, was a shortage of copper for making coins. A drain of currency from China, partly to buy off potential invaders from the north, led to greater reliance on paper money with the result that by 1020 the quantity issued was excessive, causing inflation. In subsequent centuries there were several episodes of hyperinflation and after about 1455, after well over 500 years of using paper money, China abandoned it. Bills of Exchange With the revival of banking in Western Europe, stimulated by the Crusades, written instructions in the form of bills of exchange came to be used as a means of transferring large sums of money and the Knights Templars and Hospitallers functioned as bankers. (It is possible that the Arabs may have used bills of exchange at a much earlier date, perhaps as early as the eighth century). The use of paper as currency came much later. Goldsmith Bankers During the English Civil War, 1642-1651, the goldsmiths safes were secure places for the deposit of jewels, bullion and coins. Instructions to goldsmiths to pay money to another customer subsequently developed into the cheque (or check in American spelling). Similarly goldsmiths receipts were used not only for withdrawing deposits but also as evidence of ability to pay and by about 1660 these had developed into the banknote. Virginian Tobacco In Englands American colonies a chronic shortage of official coins led to various substitutes being used as money, including, in Viriginia, tobacco, leading to the development of paper money by a different route. Tobacco leaves have drawbacks as currency and consequently certificates attesting to the quality and quantity of tobacco deposited in public warehouses came to be used as money and in 1727 were made legal tender. Gold Standard Although paper money obviously had no intrinsic value its acceptability originally depended on its being backed by some commodity, normally precious metals. During the Napoleonic Wars convertibility of Bank of England notes was suspended and there was some inflation which, although quite mild compared to that which has occurred in other wars, was worrying to contemporary observers who were used to stable prices and, in accordance with the recommendations of an official enquiry Britain adopted the gold standard for the pound in 1816. For centuries earlier silver had been the standard of value. The pound was originally an amount of silver weighing a pound. France and the United States were in favor of a bimetallic standard and in 1867 an international conference was held in Paris to try and widen the area of common currencies based on coins with standard weights of gold and silver. However when the various German states merged into a single country in 1871 they chose the gold standard. The Scandinavian countries adopted the gold standard shortly afterwards. France made the switch from bimetallism to gold in 1878 and Japan, which had been on a silver standard, changed in 1897. Finally, in 1900, the United States officially adopted the gold standard. With the outbreak of the First World War in 1914 Britain decided to withdraw gold from internal circulation and other countries also broke the link with gold. Germany returned to the gold standard in 1924 when it introduced a new currency, the Reichsmark and Britain did the following year, and France in 1928. However the British government had fixed the value of sterling at an unsustainably high rate and in the worldwide economic crisis in 1931 Britain, followed by most of the Commonwealth (except Canada) Ireland, Scandinavia, Iraq, Portugal, Thailand, and some South American countries abandoned gold. The United States kept the link to gold and after the Second World War the US dollar replaced the pound sterling as the key global currency. Other countries fixed their exchange rates against the dollar, the value of which remained defined in terms of gold. In the early 1970s the system of fixed exchange rates started to break down as a result of growing international inflation and the United States abandoned the link with gold in 1973. Intangible Money The break with precious metals helped to make money a more elusive entity. Another trend in the same direction is the growing interest in forms of electronic money from the 1990s onwards. In some ways e-money is a logical evolution from the wire transfers that came about with the widespread adoption of the telegraph in the 19th century but such transfers had relatively little impact on the everyday shopper. The evolution of money has not stopped. Securitization, the turning of illiquid assets into cash, developed in new directions in the 1990s. One much publicized development was the invention of bonds backed by intangible assets such as copyright of music, e.g.Bowie bonds, named after those issued by the pop star David Bowie.

Distinct Characterization in William Shakespeare’s Julius Caesar Essay

William Shakespeare’s play Julius Caesar works convincingly for audiences today not only because of its truth historically, but because of its truth of character, historically.   As with the rest of the English bard’s canon, it is the character driven aspect of the writing that continually reminds you of the play’s purpose.   Because the characters are so fantastically dissimilar, in behavior and language, the play comes alive.   In Julius Caesar, two aspects come alive most: the world of aristocracy in the Roman Empire, and most especially the distinct characters themselves that populate this play’s vision of that aristocracy. Primarily the world of Roman aristocrats is presented by the representation of the complete world of governance through three aspects.   They complete the triumvirate behind the triumvirate, so to speak.   Shakespeare creates this world by showing us the rulers at the top (after Caesar’s death), the senators who provide or take away power from the rulers in the new post dictator rule, and the conspirators who provide or take away power from all behind the scenes.   Had Shakespeare shown the Roman aristocracy without these three elements, we would have been left with little understanding of how the empire got to where it did at the time of Julius Caesar. This is his awesome creative power.   The playwright didn’t just give lines to players to tell the history, and he didn’t rely upon narrative choruses.   Instead, he created the world for us by putting the whole picture in front of us; all of the power aspects are there on the stage.   Naturally, behind the instruments of power are found powerful characters, each with distinct qualities that bring the story to life.   I will rely upon one character from each area above to examine just how they are treated – what manages to give them memorable traits and believable motives. William Shakespeare utilized language and behavior to motivate his characters.   Julius Caesar works because of this.   Marcus Antonius is a fine example of this.   Shakespeare provided him with the lines and actions to show him to be a manipulative instrument of power.   He is truly a favorite of audiences.   Antonius is ready to say anything and do anything to keep his place in the world, to preserve his power.   When the conspirators realize their plans to kill Caesar, it is Antonius that encourages the accomplices, and convinces them that he is on their side.   In other words, he is saying that ‘I will preserve your power if you preserve mine.’ This is the meaning behind his words to Brutus and accomplices:   â€Å"Friends am I with you all and love you all, upon this hope, that you shall give me reasons why and wherein Caesar was dangerous† (III.i.219) and then, â€Å"That’s all I seek† (227) when he receives an answer which is not exactly satisfactory at all.   The complete vision of this self serving future ruler of Rome is provided only moments later, when Shakespeare reminds us of the duplicity of Antonius when we see he did not act in accord with his heart, but with his advantage seeking.   â€Å"O, pardon me, thou bleeding piece of earth, that I am meek and gentle with these butchers!† (255). The next example comes from the senators – Cicero specifically.   How does Shakespeare impart a distinct character in him that sets him apart from both the rulers and the conspirators?   This is perhaps one of the most interesting aspects of how Shakespeare can imbue qualities into characters.   It is also one of the most convincing tools he possesses to bring the audience into participation with this history of his.   The senators are important to Julius Caesar because they represent blind and timid bureaucracy.   They are there merely to maintain the status quo and to enter into the political realm without actually entering into politics.   Shakespeare is in this play explaining that power rests either within the current ruler (such as Caesar or one of the triumvirate), or within the conspirators who would oust the ruler, through any means necessary.   Between the two groups are the people who hold very little power themselves.   They are the rank and file ru ling class; in this case the senators. Notice how Cicero does not even have any lines?   How then does he represent so much to the play?   How can we understand the Roman aristocracy so clearly in him, then?   Of him we have no lines, but an awareness.   He is an orator.   He is skilled in rhetoric.   And yet, what does he actually convey through his words?   Nothing.   He is a rhetorical, political blowhard.   Concerning his speech during Caesar’s triumphant parade, consider this dialogue between Cassius and Casca: Cassius: â€Å"Did Cicero say anything?† Casca: â€Å"Ay, he spoke Greek.† Cassius: â€Å"To what effect?† Casca: â€Å"†¦for mine own part, it was Greek to me.† (I.ii.281-284) In other words, it was just words.   The senators are not to be understood.   Therefore they are not a threat to emperor, conspirators or the common man.   They play the part of the aristocracy that simply stands for aristocracy.   By withholding lines from the most loquacious senator, Shakespeare creates a distinct vision of both Cicero and the part of the Roman aristocracy which he serves. The final character that serves great importance to Julius Caesar, of course, would be Brutus.   He comes from the conspirator caste and is such a powerfully rendered character that he has become a virtual stereotypical vision of bloody revenge and betrayal.   When audience think traitor, they inevitably think Brutus.   What is special about him in Shakespeare’s hand?   It is the absolute single mindedness of this villain (or hero as the case may be).   He does not waver as does Antonius.   He does not shrink back like Cicero.   He is Brutus.   His lines and his actions represent someone who is an ideologue.   He has fiercely held ideals and he has fiercely held ways of acting those out.   Nothing will get in his way.   That is the vision of this aspect of Roman aristocracy.   It is the power outside of the powerful.   This line from Brutus sums up this chief trait of his, and compels us to see it this way. â€Å"We at the height are ready to decline. There is a tide in the affairs of men Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune; Omitted, all the voyage of their life Is bound in shallows and in miseries. On such a full sea are we now afloat, And we must take the current when it serves, Or lose our ventures. (IV.iii.218–224) These may not be the most well known of Brutus.   However, they make the point clear about how Shakespeare imbues the distinctiveness of character into him.   It is this set of lines that speaks the most about his place as a character and about his place within the world of Roman aristocracy.   We can see just how much power the conspirators wield.   They turn out to be much more powerful than the Senate, and perhaps even more powerful than the rulers, whether Caesar or one of the triumvirate.   It is because, Shakespeare says, that Brutus and his companions can afford to be single minded and focused on their ideals and tasks at hand.   It is what makes the success of the plans visible from the outset. The question then of just how William Shakespeare creates the world of Roman aristocracy and gives each player the distinct character that is so important to Julius Caesar is answered by the same fashion.   The two are irrevocably intertwined.   It is a concurrent twofold plan.   First, Shakespeare creates convincing facets of the historical world; in this case the facets are the different aspects of Roman aristocracy as seen through the rulers, the senators and the conspirators.   Next, and simultaneously, he populates these aspects with their stereotypical, archetypical characters.   Because they fully belong to their separate classes, the very descriptions of them seen through their lines and actions fulfill the historical picture and provide every bit of drama that a contemporary audience needs.