Wednesday, December 25, 2019

The Economic State Of The Economy Essay - 2040 Words

When one thinks of fashion, the economy is certainly not the first thing that comes to mind. However, the two go hand in hand. Throughout history, fashion trends have changed millions of times, at a rapid rate. New trends can surface and disappear as frequently as the sun sets. The fashion industry, much like the economic state of our nation, is ever-changing. It has its highs and its lows. Fashion trends often reflect the economic factors of the times they are associated with. Furthermore, it is not a question of if the economy impacted fashion, it is a question of how? And how much? Good Economic State; When the economy is strong, fashion tends to be more exciting and experimental. The economic state of the nation directly correlates with people’s emotional state. When we are feeling more secure and confident about our economic state, it translates positively to all aspects of life, including fashion. Fashion becomes more carefree and creative because consumers are willing to purchase out of desire versus need. As of 2015, â€Å"As the economy continues to grow and evolve, one of the many bright spots of the new creative economy is the fashion industry. With numerous high-value jobs that pay high wages, fashion is now having a big economic impact not only in fashion centers on the coasts, but also in smaller cities around the country. Fashion is a more than $1.75 trillion global industry, according to one estimate, with nearly $370 billion spent on apparel and footwear inShow MoreRelatedThe Economic Impacts Of The Economy On The United States1309 Words à ‚  |  6 PagesAn increase amount of people have wondered with the high amount of capital costs and some uncertainties that the economy has had brought an economic setback with it been related to the modern agriculture which has made it difficult for young farmers to successfully enter the sector it making the production of quality food very difficult. The average age of U.S. farmers has risen from the age 50 in 1978 to 58 in 2012, and a diminishing fraction of U.S. principal farm operators are younger than ageRead MoreThe Economic Impact On The Economy Of The United States1246 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the days of 1820 to 1860 in the United States, the living style of Americans became more different from north to south. We can observe on the economic perspective. First, the difference of the industrial sectors led to the different extent of the need of slavery. The manufacturing sector, thanks for the advent of industrialization, did not require as many slaves as the agricultura l sector did in the south which was largely supported by a massive number of slaves. Secondly, due to the differenceRead MoreThe Economic Prosperity Of The United States Economy1506 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"The United States economy grew by an average of 4 percent per year between 1992 and 1999† (Pethokoukis, 2015). The year 1991 began with the United States in a recession. Although short lived, ending in March, it lasted nearly 9 months. Many factors played a role in this recession, beginning with the stock market crashing in 1987. Another factor was the savings and loan crisis in 1989, which according to Kimberly Amadeo was considered the greatest bank collapse since the Great Depression. (AmadeoRead MoreThe Economic Problems Of The United States Economy Essay2002 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Economics is the science which studies human behavior as a relationship between given ends and scarce means which have alternative uses(â€Å"Supplementary sources for college economics,† n.d.). It is all about making choices. The United States economy has experienced many ups and downs in its journey with decision making and realizing its economic power. In 1865, when the civil war ended the United States’ economy experienced extreme development as a result of urbanization and industrializationRead MoreChanging Economic Structure Of The United States Economy2127 Words   |  9 PagesChange in Economic Structure Harmful to U.S. Economy By: Samuel Winegar Submitted to: Dr. S. Ray Barnes 05/05/2015 Thesis Unemployment has been on the rise in the United States in recent years. One of the large contributing factors of this is the change in the structure of the country’s economy. Many jobs, particularly manufacturing and industrial type jobs are being outsourced to other countries. An increase in unemployment due to a change in the economy is structural unemploymentRead MoreThe Economic Economy Of The United States And The International Community2419 Words   |  10 PagesThe period of 2007-2008 became an infamous time both within the United States and internationally. Characterized by a collapse in the housing market, bankruptcy filings by numerous subprime mortgage lenders, and an international distrust in the banking system, this period is known as the Great Recession. With effects seen on a scale of this magnitude it is important to note the events leading up to the financial crisis. Next, the effects experienced need to be closely evaluated in order to gain aRead MoreCur rent Economic Conditions Of The United States Economy1963 Words   |  8 PagesCurrent Economic Conditions †¢ As previously stated in the executive summary, the United States’ economy is currently stagnating. From week to week we may see a rise in one indicator while there is a fall in another indicator, but none of the rises or falls are drastic enough to have an overwhelming impact on the economy as a whole. Although the economy is not near as strong as it was before the 2008-2009 recession, arguably one of the biggest economic crises of the past decade, there has beenRead MoreThree Ideologies of Political Economy Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesMohammed Talukder ILRS504 February 14, 2010 Wk5 Essay Assignment- Three Ideologies of Political Economy Global power is understood to be both economic and political, which are interrelated in a complex manner. Thus the International Political Economy (IPE) has become a discipline within the social sciences that analyzes international relations in combination with political economy. IPE is considered flexible and contains epistemologies that are subject of robust debate. At the core of the debateRead MoreEconomy and State: A Sociological Perspective724 Words   |  3 PagesSummary Economy and State: A Sociological Perspective, written by Nina Bandelj and Elizabeth Sowers, explains the economic foundation of the state by discussing the governance of property and money, in correlation to labor and firms, ending in economic development and internationalization/globalization. Bandelj and Sowers’, target audiences for this book seemed to be intended for those individuals wanting to learn the basics of economics from an economic sociology perspective allowing readersRead MoreThe Problem Of National Self Reliance Essay1473 Words   |  6 Pagesseems that economics reveals the weakness in humanity s attempts to both unite as one larger whole, and to maintain separate national identities. Efforts to create a unified front, are slow and challenged by Westphalian conceptions of state sovereignty. Efforts to preserve states individuality and self-reliance reveal the human suffering that was commonplace before globalization began to smooth out the economic extr emes experienced in localized areas. All politics, and economics, are local but

Tuesday, December 17, 2019

Kleos in the Iliad Essay - 1074 Words

Kleos in the Iliad When we consider the Hero in ancient Greek culture, we must forget our notion of what a hero is. The ancient Greek concept of a hero was different from our own cultures. The motivation for any Homeric Greek is glory, or Kleos, that is to be honored and respected among their people. Not only does kleos imply being honored and respected, it literally means ‘to be heard.’ Achieving kleos entails that your tale and ultimately you will live on forever. Kleos is essential to the Greeks and life would not be worth living without it. When a warrior or hero is advised to avoid risking their life in battle it almost drives them even further towards the deed. It is better to be killed in action rather than to live†¦show more content†¦Even as his wife Andromache pleads â€Å"Pity me, please! Take your stand on the rampart here before you orphan your son and make your wife a widow† (Iliad VI. 511-512) to persuade him to stay at home, he chooses kleos over h is family. Hector is described by Helen far differently than she speaks of her own husband. â€Å"But come in, rest on this seat with me, dear brother, you are the one hit hardest by the fighting, Hector, you more than all – and all for me, slut that I am, and this blind mad Paris† (Iliad VI. 421-423). Helen embraces Hector for his bravery and honor, and asks even that he rest from battle. Her polar opinion between the two brothers serves as an important facet for dissecting the importance of kleos even within a family. Homer shows Helen’s shame and contempt for her husband as he does nothing to defend her or his home against her love for Hector as he fights so gloriously for Troy. Hector fights for his own kleos and for the glory of Troy, and leaves his family behind for it. His desire to leave his legacy behind is greater than his love for family. However, he realizes that there is more than one way to leave a legacy behind. Despite leaving his family behind, he hopes that his son will supplant him praying to Zeus â€Å"Zeus, all you immortals! Grant this boy, my son, may be like me, first in glory among the Trojans, strong and brave like me, and rule all Troy inShow MoreRelatedDeus and Kleos: The Paradox of Glory in Homers The Iliad Essay1104 Words   |  5 Pages The Iliad is the story of hundreds of Ancient Greek heroes and kings seeking to take the fabled city of Troy. They embody the values that the Ancient Greeks valued. The charismatic Odysseus, the mighty Achilles, the wise Nestor, the royal Agamemnon all take part in the Iliad. The heroes pursue personal glory on the battlefield. Glory to them, is more valuable than their families, their lives, and form the very basis for their existence. The invincible Achilles, mightiest of the Achaeans, choosesRead MoreThe Iliad Vs. Troy1692 Words   |  7 PagesSlater Poem vs Film The Iliad vs â€Å"Troy† Achilles and Hector fighting with Athena and Apollo on both sides of the Warriors Introduction Written by the ancient Greek poet, Homer, The Iliad was an epic documented on the nearly 10-year long war between the Trojans and the Greeks. Although the epic had occurred in 1194–1184 BC, the epic was passed down through generations, orally, until Homer wrote the Iliad 500 years after the Trojan war in 750 BC. An adaptation of the Homers’ Iliad is David Benioff’sRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Great Trojan Hero Essay1271 Words   |  6 Pagesto return to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. The Greeks considered kleos to be the measure of a man. Unlike modern western civilization, the Ancient Greeks didn’t believe in immortality through an afterlife, but naturally, they still sought something permanent, something to give them a purpose in life. They fulfilled this psychological need by creating a glorious legacy, and achieving kleos in the eyes of their peers in order to â€Å"†¦measureRead MoreAchilles Slaughtered The Greatest Trojan Hero Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagesto get home to his family. Odysseus acquired more kleos than any other Greek hero in Homer’s epics. In the Greek’s eyes, kleos was the measure of a man. Unlike modern western civilization, the Ancient Greeks didn’t believe in immortality through an afterlife, but naturally, they still sought something permanent, something to give them a purpose in life. They fulfilled this psychological need by creating a glorious legacy, and achieving kleos in the eyes of their peers in order to â€Å"†¦measure one’sRead MoreAn Essay on the Illiad868 Words   |  4 Pagesa ‘student of his culture’ and thus both The Iliad and The Odyssey are directed sources of their own period. Select any one episode or scene from either of the poems as one that you feel is most memorable. What does it tell about Homeric culture? A writer is a reflection of his age. A work of art is considered a mirror of the customs, culture, and concepts of the age to which it belongs. Homer’s writings are a true representation of this. His Iliad and Odyssey both reflect the old Greek cultureRead MoreAnalysis Of Gaius Valerius Catullus s The Iliad 1489 Words   |  6 Pagestruly god-like. Homer makes no mention of the afterlife in The Iliad, meaning that the only true way for a mortal to live on is through the remembrance of their life on earth. Many strive for immortality, but to achieve it, one must obtain Kleos, the glory a man receives in war. If a hero like Achilles or Hector were mentioned to someone today, chances are, the person would know who the hero was. This is how immortality through Kleos works. When the poet Gaius Valerius Catullus describes how he wishesRead MoreA Comparative Analysis of Odysseus and Achilles Essay1207 Words   |  5 Pagesthe very thing that Thetis sought to avoid, eventually pul led Achilles into battle. Kleos is commonly translated as â€Å"fame† or â€Å"glory,† but these words do not encompass its true meaning. Kleos plays an enduring role in the interactions of Greek patriarchs; it transcends an individual and is passed on to successive generations. Having fathers of fame, both Odysseus and Achilles feel that they must maintain the kleos of their lines and build upon it. Achilles and Odysseus share a similar lineage. NumerousRead MoreHow Does Homer Use The Effectiveness Of Ajax s Speech1723 Words   |  7 Pagesthe effectiveness of Ajax’s speech, specifically Ajax’s similarities to Achilles and the speech’s focus on the Greek value of timÄ“ (one’s honor or how one is perceived by others), to reveal the motivations and nature of Achilles. In book IX of the Iliad, Ajax, known primarily for his brute strength and martial prowess, delivers the speech Achilles finds most compelling. Conversely, Odysseus, although the most adept orator sent, is the least effective in convincing Achilles to rejoin the war. In myRead MoreThe Heroic Code Of Honor For A Hero1228 Words   |  5 Pagesacquiring a kleos; establishing fame, glory and a positive reputation. It was not an easy task to become a Grecian hero. Building and maintaining kleos meant that a warrior must be brave and strong, be â€Å"a speaker of words and a doer of deeds.à ¢â‚¬  The solider had to protect his friends and harm his enemies, respect the gods and his elders, and most of all value his honor over his life. To die in battle, and be spoken of after death was the most important act of honor for a hero. The Greek tragedy, Iliad, attributedRead MoreOdysseuss Appearance in The Odyssey and the Iliad1416 Words   |  6 Pagescharacter that shows a different type of masculinity than is portrayed by other characters. The first text that gives Odysseus a major role is the Iliad. When Agamemnon suggests to his men that they sail home they do not hesitate in agreeing and stream out to their ships. Odysseus steps in, restrains them and brings them back to the assembly (Homer, Iliad 2.55-225). Odysseus can be seen here as a keeper of peace and order. He does not allow the men to take the easy way out. Once the men have left

Monday, December 9, 2019

Rebellion Essay Example For Students

Rebellion Essay Around 1900, after many years of succumbing to the superiormilitary of the West, the Chinese stood up for their country. Chinawas a weak, backwards, country, exploited by the West. They felt thatthey could counter the foreign domination, but reforms were uselessbecause they needed the West to help with the reforms. But somethingsparked their confidence, and they believed themselves to be able toconquer any foreign power. This spark was the Society of HarmoniousFists, commonly known as Boxers. Combined with unhappy people, andnew weapons technology, the Chinese rebelled against the foreignpowers. The first reason of this confidence was the Boxer Society, whichformed in North China after the Sino-Japanese war, but wasnt wellknown until 1898 in Shantung. This organization was actually a cult,following strange and absurd practices of defense. It had no centralleaders, and the practices varied in different locations. Their goalwas to rid China of the foreign menace. The boxers were different frommost other rebels of their time. They would conduct public physicalexercises that were supposed to make a magical shield to protect oneagainst foreign bullets and shells. These looked similar to a boxerstraining exercises so the westerners nicknamed the members of theSociety of Harmonious Fists Boxers. Rather then using foreignweapons, they relied on magical spirits and swords, knives, staves,and polearms to drive the foreign devils from their precious homecountry. The membership of this group consisted of mostly thecriminals, poor, and illiterate of China who wore a simple uniformconsist ing of a red armband, sash, or waistcloth. These people trulybelieved that magic would protect them, and help remove the foreignersfrom China. That gave them enough confidence to try to destroy theforeigners. Missionaries were killed, railroads were destroyed, andchurches were burned all in the name of independence from foreignrule. Another key aspect in the rebellions against the west was aseries of natural disasters that swept China during the last decade ofthe nineteenth century. Famine struck, droughts prevented the plantingof crops, and to top it all, the Yellow river flooded, causing thedestruction of 1,500 villages and 2,500 square miles of countryside. These disaster lead to unhappiness of the people. In order to keepthem from turning on the government, the Dowager Empress, Tsu Hsi,encouraged the peasants to rebel against the foreigners. Some of theseangry people joined the Boxers, and others rebelled alone, but theyhad the Empress behind them, giving them encouragement, and makingthem feel ready to take on the demons from the West. The third reason that the Chinese felt ready to face the West,was a new weapons technology. This was the machine gun, which had bothphysical and symbolic power. It could physically kill many more peoplethen a regular rifle, because of its ability to spray bullets and firemore then one round per pulling of the trigger. Symbolically, itrepresented a method which the west had used to subdue the Chinese,and now the Chinese were going to use it against the west. Thisinspired confidence and made the people ready to fight, knowing thatthey could fight machine gun with machine gun. The Chinese were tired of being looked down at by the west. Thepeople were unhappy, armed, or bullet proof, and the Queen encouragedthem to fight the west. With all this support how could one not feelready to fight the West?

Monday, December 2, 2019

The Chemistry Of Fireworks Chemistry Essay Example For Students

The Chemistry Of Fireworks Chemistry Essay The chemical science behind pyrotechnics is a series of oxidization and decrease reactions which result in the desired sound and visible radiation. This happens as propellents push the pyrotechnic into the sky. Oxidation reactions guarantee that the O needed to thoroughly fire the mixture of cut downing agents and excite the atoms in the light-emitting compounds is produced. Oxidants used such as chlorates, nitrates and percolates and cut downing agents such as C and S are available of the shelf for home-made users. The combination of cut downing agents with O is at that place responsible for the energy dissipated during the reaction. Black pulverization, which chiefly contains nitrates, is the most used oxidant ( Conkling, 1985 ) . A expression at an detonation under the usage of K nitrate so as to supply nitrate ions ( NO3- ) after decomposition can be represented as: Potassium nitrate K oxide + N gas + O gas. We will write a custom essay on The Chemistry Of Fireworks Chemistry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The reaction is more controlled since when responding, nitrates merely let go of two in every three O atoms, hence, the reaction is non thorough and vigorous since non all the O atoms are actively used up. However, nitrates do non supply plenty power to impel the pyrotechnic into the sky and besides ignite the bundle. Therefore, they can non be used in star detonations since they can non bring forth temperatures high plenty to stimulate most colour metal salts. Star reactions need a temperature runing from 1700 to 2000 A ; deg ; C. This was enabled by the Italians in the 1830 s whereby they came across more explosive oxidants, chlorates ( ClO3- ) , which give up all their committed O atoms upon reaction. This can be illustrated by the equation below which is extremely dramatic, vigorous and releases more energy. However, chlorates have the major demerit of being extremely unstable, therefore they can be unsafe to manage. On the merit side, chlorate can be easy ignited. For case, dropping them on the land can take to a major detonation. This is since chlorates have the maximal potency of adhering with four O atoms but they nevertheless bond with three. The 4th O atom is left free, unsaturated and reactive. This makes chlorates better oxidising agents. Further, in comparing to the slow-burning rate antecedently availed by nitrates, chlorates provide a faster reaction taking to a loud and extremely unsafe detonation. This was solved by the usage of perchlorates which are more stable when let go ofing O. The O atoms in perchlorates are to the full bonded hence stable. When responding, perchlorates are able to let go of all their O atoms. ( Russell, 2009 ) The chemical science of pyrotechnics, so as to come up with a changing grade of colourss has generated a batch of involvement. Color is generated through two mainstream ways: Incandescence and luminescence. Incandescence entails the production of light by agencies of heat. When a substance glows as a consequence of heat, it foremost emits infrared wavelengths, so ruddy visible radiation. Orange visible radiation is so produced as the object becomes increasingly hotter, followed by yellow and eventually white visible radiation. Under a controlled environment, the freshness of cut downing agents such as wood coal can be regulated at a certain temperature, therefore breathing a peculiar colour at the coveted clip. Temperature regulators that are most common are magnesium, aluminium and Ti. Luminescence is the production of visible radiation through other means other than heat. These can hence happen at colder temperatures lower than room temperature since it is independent of any heat. An negatron in an atom is foremost excited and destabilized by soaking up of energy. The atom is so relegated to a lower energy province hence let go ofing the energy within via photons, the rudimentss of visible radiation. The energy possessed by these photons accordingly determines its wavelength or colour. A major challenge in bring forthing colour through luminescence is that some salts used are unstable at room temperatures such as Barium chloride. Therefore, this job must be solved by usage of a combination of these salts with more stable compounds such as chlorinated gum elastic. For case, in the burning of the pyrotechnic composing between Ba chloride and chlorinated gum elastic, a green colour is produced. Other salts such as Cu chloride which gives a bluish colour must be regulated non to achieve high temperatures yet the brightness of the end point bluish colour must be achieved. ( Pressroom, 2010 ) .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb , .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .postImageUrl , .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb , .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:hover , .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:visited , .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:active { border:0!important; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:active , .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0f5414c853fada05c33922179d8c5dfb:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Thesis- To Be Unstuck In Time And Fight Or To Be Against War And Not F EssayThe quality of the attendant colour produced by assorted factors can be compromised by assorted factors. First, pure colourss require pure ingredients. No hints of drosss such as the dominant dross, Na, which gives a yellowish-orange colour, should be present since it easy overpowers all other colourss. Second, the cost of the pyrotechnic when the client is purchasing off the shelf frequently alludes to quality. Finally, it is of import to observe the day of the month of industry and the accomplishment and popularity attached to the maker by other users. ( Helmenstine, 2009 ) It is important to measure how both ices, which guarantee production of bright visible radiation, and bangers, which enable the production of detonations, map. Firecrackers consist of black pulverization, normally referred to as gun pulverization in a tight tubing made of paper and fuse at one terminal so as to put the pulverization alit. The chief compounds and elements of black pulverization are sulfur, wood coal and K nitrate. Further, some detonations are brightened the more by usage of aluminium. On the other manus, ices are used to bring forth exceptionally bright and showery visible radiation for a longer period of clip that can last up to a minute. There are normally referred to as snowball ices since they are accompanied by a ball of flickers environing the combustion epicentre. A ice constitutes assorted compounds. Key among them is oxidants, fuel, binder such as amylum or sugar and Fe or steel pulverization. They are assorted in H2O to organize slurry which is so coated on a wire through dipping. This is so dried. It is so ready for usage whereby it can be lit in order to fire terminal to stop like a coffin nail. In ices, oxidants and fuel are carefully proportioned with other compounds so as it burns easy instead than detonate as is the instance with bangers. Fireworks nevertheless are more complex in their industry. Bright shimmering flickers have to be induced by adding steel or Fe, aluminium, Mg and Zn. These metal flack catchers heat up to achieve high temperatures that guarantee production of light by glow beyond which they burn thoroughly. To make a broad scope of colourss, assorted chemical addictives are used. Aerial Fireworks These are big, conspicuous and colourful pyrotechnics that can be observed on major jubilations such as the Fourth of July. The aerial pyrotechnic shell contains: stars which are little cylinders, regular hexahedrons or domains that contain the compounds needed ; container which has the pasted paper for instructions and things such as company name and an attach toing twine ; the spliting charge located at the centre of the shell ; and a fuse which ensures hold in clip till the banger attains the right height. A lifting charge is located below the shell. A howitzer is used to establish an aerial banger. This is a little, steel pipe incorporating black pulverization that serves as the raising charge. When this is fired, the shell fuse is illuminated which burns increasingly up to the desired tallness, so explodes. A simple shell, such as those used in an aerial show, contains stars in the blue balls, and a gray portion incorporating black pulverization and the centre tubing incorporati ng the spliting charge. Multi-break shells burst over two or three stages. They have a assortment of colourss and composings so as to incorporate assorted grades of visible radiation and flickers. Multi-break shells have assorted compartments or subdivisions in one with different fuses. Each shell explosions and accordingly ignites the other through interruption charges, each with a different consequence and possible colour. Fireworks Displaies The form painted in the sky by an aerial shell chiefly depends on the order and agreement of star pellets in the shell. For case, every bit separated pellets in a circle with the attach toing black pulverization produce a mid-air show of minor star detonations uniformly spaced in a circle. A specific figure can hence be created by set uping the star pellets in the lineation of the figure desired. Place explosive charges in the inside of the figure so as to blow them outdoors into a big figure as desired. Then, surround this with a bed of break charge so as to divide them with the remainder of the shell contents. This interruption charges must be set to detonate at the coveted clip. ( Ashby, 2007 ) .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 , .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .postImageUrl , .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 , .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:hover , .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:visited , .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:active { border:0!important; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:active , .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9 .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uea9d4b497af7fa9ab5304b9bd57c4ca9:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Personal Narrative - Never Forgetting EssayThere are several shell names in the market: Degree centigrade: UserssignalDesktopCapture.PNG Firework Safety/ Conclusion In decision, it is of import to observe that pyrotechnics are beginnings of Sun but they have nevertheless come along with assorted safeguards that have to be adhered. Fireworks are used in most of today s public jubilations. However, they are unsafe if mishandled. Over 8000 United States are reported to endure every twelvemonth due to pyrotechnics. Of whom more than half are kids. The most common jeopardy experienced by more than a 3rd of the instances is Burnss which have been reported to happen from illicitly acquired pyrotechnics. Hence, there are a figure of ordinances that have been put in topographic point to guarantee botching reduces. The codified organisation chiefly responsible for consumer pyrotechnics is the National Council on Fireworks Safety. It educates the populace on how to responsibly grip and usage pyrotechnics. The National Fire Protection Association is responsible for implementing strict safety ordinances for large pyrotechnics shows. Spectators are required to watch at least 840 pess from the establishing zone based on the tallness and burst diameter of the largest of shells. Second, shells can non be launched if the air currents at that peculiar clip are stronger than 20 stat mis per hr, since they would be carried off over the set diameter thereby doing injury to looker-ons. However, despite all these ordinances that have been put in topographic point, many accidents still do occur at informal and ill regulated topographic points. Manufacturers are besides required by jurisprudence to put up edifices in the fabrication workss that are separated by concrete blast walls from any other edifices with roofs weakened so as any attendant detonation travels upwards alternatively of outwards. Further, mechanisation in the industry is limited and work is chiefly done by manus since machines may bring forth flickers or inactive charges that would be black in doing detonations. However, some catastrophes have occurred between 1970 and 1995 ensuing in the decease of more than 20 mill employees. Environmentally Friendly Fireworks Most animate beings are scared by the detonations ensuing from shows. Most ordinances and regulations bar people from go toing such events with their pets in tow. Sadly, instances of pets acquiring lost at such events have been reported. Wide research is go oning on hoe to unite assorted elements into pyrotechnic compounds and mixtures have been made. This produces minimum fume and particulate affair. This shall replace oxidants such as perchlorates which are environmentally harmful.

Tuesday, November 26, 2019

Child Obesity essays

Child Obesity essays Childhood obesity is more prevalent today than ever before. Our children for the future are being failed. Healthy living needs to be taken more seriously. More and more households have both parents working full-time jobs to provide shelter, food, and clothing for their families. Providing the basic necessities is not enough for a healthy family. Parents need to become more involved with their child's life. Child obesity has been medically proven to increase the risk of long-term life altering illnesses. A more positive role by our nations parents should be taken to lead our children to a healthier future. "Typically children who are about 25 lbs. above their ideal body weight are considered overweight, and those 40-50 lbs. above their ideal body weight are considered obese." (Strauss 2). To determine if a child is considered obese or over weight a family doctor factors in the child's age, sex, and body build. The total number of fat cells in the body is the major factor in causing obesity. Each individual person has a unique number of fat cells in their body. Fat cells reproduce during early childhood and puberty of ones life cycle. Once fat cells have been created there is no way to reduce them. Eating unhealthy amounts and types of food during reproduction of these fat cells along with low physical activity will cause more cells to reproduce. Therefore, it is critical that a person is eating the right types and amounts of food and getting the right amount of physical activity during these stages of his/her life. Food provides the major source of energy the body needs to function. If the input (intake of food) is greater than the output (physical activity) excess body fat will be stored in the fat cells, which causes obesity. Energy that is not used by the body will be stored as fat. The imbalance of energy can be caused by genetic and environmental factors. "Genetic differences account for 25-40 percent obesity...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in World War II

Field Marshal Gerd von Rundstedt in World War II Gerd von Rundstedt - Early Career: Born December 12, 1875 at Aschersleben, Germany, Gerd von Rundstedt was a member of an aristocratic Prussian family. Entering the German Army at age sixteen, he began learning his trade before being accepted into the German Armys officer training school in 1902. Graduating, von Rundstedt was promoted to captain in 1909. A skilled staff officer, he served in this capacity at the beginning of World War I in August 1914. Elevated to major that November, von Rundstedt continued to serve as a staff officer and by the end of the war in 1918 was chief of staff for his division. With the conclusion of the war, he elected to remain in the postwar Reichswehr. Gerd von Rundstedt - Interwar Years: In the 1920s, von Rundstedt rapidly advanced through the ranks of the Reichswehr and received promotions to lieutenant colonel (1920), colonel (1923), major general (1927), and lieutenant general (1929). Given command of the 3rd Infantry Division in February 1932, he supported Reich Chancellor Franz von Papens Prussian coup that July. Promoted to general of the infantry that October, he remained in that rank until being made a colonel general in March 1938. In the wake of the Munich Agreement, von Rundstedt led the 2nd Army which occupied the Sudetenland in October 1938. Despite this success, he promptly retired later in the month in protest of the Gestapos framing of Colonel General Werner von Fritsch during the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair. Leaving the army, he was given the honorary post of colonel of the 18th Infantry Regiment. Gerd von Rundstedt - World War II Begins: His retirement proved brief as he was recalled by Adolf Hitler the following year to lead Army Group South during the invasion of Poland in September 1939. Opening World War II, the campaign saw von Rundstedts troops mount the main attack of the invasion as they struck east from Silesia and Moravia. Winning the Battle of Bzura, his troops steadily drove back the Poles. With the successful completion of the conquest of Poland, von Rundstedt was given command of Army Group A in preparation for operations in the West. As planning moved forward, he supported his chief of staffs, Lieutenant General Erich von Mansteins, call for a swift armored strike toward the English Channel which he believed could lead to the strategic collapse of the enemy. Attacking on May 10, von Rundstedts forces made swift gains and opened a large gap in the Allied front. Led by General of Cavalry Heinz Guderians XIX Corps, German troops reached the English Channel on May 20. Having cut off the British Expeditionary Force from France, von Rundstedts troops turned north to capture the Channel ports and prevent its escape to Britain. Traveling to Army Group As headquarters at Charleville on May 24, Hitler urged its von Rundstedt, to press the attack. Assessing the situation, he advocated holding his armor west and south of Dunkirk, while utilizing the infantry of Army Group B to finish off the BEF. Though this allowed von Rundstedt to preserve his armor for the final campaign in France, it allowed the British to successfully conduct the Dunkirk Evacuation. Gerd von Rundstedt - On the Eastern Front: With the end of fighting in France, von Rundstedt received a promotion to field marshal on July 19. As the Battle of Britain began, he assisted in the development of Operation Sea Lion which called for the invasion of southern Britain. With the Luftwaffes failure to defeat the Royal Air Force, the invasion was called off and von Rundstedt was instructed to oversee the occupation forces in Western Europe. As Hitler began planning Operation Barbarossa, von Rundstedt was ordered east to assume command of Army Group South. On June 22, 1941, his command took part in the invasion of the Soviet Union. Driving through Ukraine, von Rundstedts forces played a key role in the encirclement of Kiev and capture of over 452,000 Soviet troops in late September. Pushing on, von Rundstedts forces succeeded in capturing Kharkov in late October and Rostov in late November. Suffering a heart attack during the advance on Rostov, he refused to leave the front and continued to direct operations. With the Russian winter setting in, von Rundstedt advocating halting the advance as his forces were becoming overextended and hampered by the severe weather. This request was vetoed by Hitler. On November 27, Soviet forces counterattacked and forced the Germans to abandon Rostov. Unwilling to surrender ground, Hitler countermanded von Rundstedts orders to fall back. Refusing to obey, von Rundstedt was sacked in favor of Field Marshal Walther von Reichenau. Gerd von Rundstedt - Return to the West: Briefly out of favor, von Rundstedt was recalled in March 1942 and given command of Oberbefehlshaber West (German Army Command in the West - OB West). Charged with defending Western Europe from the Allies, he was tasked with erecting fortifications along the coast. Largely inactive in this new role, little work occurred in 1942 or 1943. In November 1943, Field Marshal Erwin Rommel was assigned to OB West as commander of Army Group B. Under his direction, work finally began on fortifying the coastline. Over the coming months, von Rundstedt and Rommel clashed over the disposition of OB Wests reserve panzer divisions with the former believing they should located in the rear and the latter wanting them near the coast. Following the Allied landings in Normandy on June 6, 1944, von Rundstedt and Rommel worked to contain the enemy beachhead. When it became obvious to von Rundstedt that the Allies could not be pushed back into the sea, he began advocating for peace. With the failure of a counterattack near Caen on July 1, he was asked by Field Marshal Wilhelm Keitel, head of the German armed forces, what should be done. To this he brusquely replied, Make peace you fools! What else can you do? For this, he was removed from command the next dayand replaced with Field Marshal Gunther von Kluge. Gerd von Rundstedt - Final Campaigns: In the wake of the July 20 Plot against Hitler, von Rundstedt agreed to serve on a Court of Honor to assess officers suspected of being opposed to the fà ¼hrer. Removing several hundred officers from the Wehrmacht, the court turned them over to Roland Freislers Volksgerichtshof (Peoples Court) for trial. Implicated in the July 20 Plot, von Kluge committed suicide on August 17 and was briefly replaced by Field Marshal Walter Model. Eighteen days later, on September 3, von Rundstedt returned to lead OB West. Later in the month, he was able to contain Allied gains made during Operation Market-Garden. Forced to give ground through the fall, von Rundstedt opposed the Ardennes offensive which was launched in December believing that insufficient troops were available for it to succeed. The campaign, which resulted in the Battle of the Bulge, represented the last major German offensive in the West. Continuing to fight a defensive campaign in early 1945, von Rundstedt was removed from command on March 11 after again arguing that Germany should make peace rather than fight a war it could not win. On May 1, von Rundstedt was captured by troops from the US 36th Infantry Division. During the course of his interrogation, he suffered another heart attack. Taken to Britain, von Rundstedt moved between camps in southern Wales and Suffolk. After the war, he was charged by the British for war crimes during the invasion of the Soviet Union. These charges were largely based on his support of von Reichenaus Severity Order which led to mass murders in occupied Soviet territory. Due to his age and failing health, von Rundstedt was never tried and he was released in July 1948. Retiring to Schloss Oppershausen, near Celle in Lower Saxony, he continued to be plagued by heart problems until his death on February 24, 1953. Selected Sources JVL: Gerd von RundstedtGeneralfeldmarschall Gerd von Rundstedt Lone Sentry: von Rundstedt Explains

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Jazz Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Jazz - Article Example Interestingly, even though most true jazz musicians seek to distance themselves from the understanding the jazz is ultimately a form of dance music, society’s perception of jazz continues to be concentric upon the belief that jazz is ultimately an early form of modern dance music. Some various jazz songs could be could be said to incorporate this element where the musicians thought it would be healthier to do something different instead of the ordinary music production (Ferreira, 2012). These songs are Triple Threat, The Crawl, Household of Saud, Prism, Uranus, It could Be, If it was - But it wasn't and Rahssan's Run. This paper will discuss both the intellectual and mental aspect of these songs as performed in a jazz concert. As a function of this level of understanding, it is the hope of this author that the reader will be able to integrate a more firm and complete understanding of jazz within the context of the way in which jazz can ultimately integrate within the musical e xperience and life of the listener. Triple Threat The intellectual aspect of jazz means that people can make connections between a jazz song and liberal arts or sciences (Ferreira, 2012). This song was magnificent in bringing out these elements. The song, accompanied with various instruments, could easily be understood by the audience. The song twisted my brain like an algebraic equation, which almost left me limp and lifeless. The trumpet was the lead instrument in this performance, which appeared to guide the artists. It carried the melody of every tune (Ferreira, 2012). This was an interesting dynamic to note due to the fact that regardless of the musical genre that one seeks to discuss, ultimately a single instrument or a group of instruments will seek to differentiate themselves from the others as a means of providing a firm and solid lead. Oftentimes within classical music this is realized within the lead violin or other instrument. Similarly, within rock ‘n roll this is oftentimes realized with regards to the lead guitar. Invariably, jazz exhibits the same constraints and allows different instruments to perform the lead even within the same song; thereby helping to set jazz apart from the other forms of music that a previously been listed by way of the fact that it is able to integrate and incorporate a number of instruments within any given piece that all can serve as the lead instrument. The saxophone section consisted of 5 players - one baritone sax, two tenors and two altos. Playing uniformly granted them the power to cut through harmony and punches played by the brass sector (Ferreira, 2012). The piano, on the other hand, acted as the rhythm outside the solos. The bass player in this performance did his work well by providing the rhythmic and harmonic foundations. It is of course at this juncture that the listener and/or reader should integrate with an understanding of the supreme importance of the bass player plays within understanding of ja zz music. Whereas the driving rhythm of jazz necessitates the drums and bass both work together in order to define complex beat and rhythm mechanics, the work of the

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

Source of Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Source of Crime - Essay Example Chester (1976) considers relative deprivation as a cause of property crime. According to him, relative poverty, which arises from relative deprivation, is more â€Å"criminogenic† (p. 17) in nature than relative poverty. Lower class people get involved in crime against middle and upper classes, especially in areas where the middle or upper classes live close to the lower class people. This is because in such areas, middle and upper class values and lifestyle is more obvious, and lower class people see it as unfair. Hence, they get involved in crime. Property crime is one such crime that occurs from this easy contact with information about superior way of life. The discontent and frustration forces individuals to show criminal behavior, and thus they get indulged in crimes like burglary, theft, arson, and even murders. The need of the hour is that governments should make efforts to provide all citizens with sufficient base income, so that discontent and frustration among them c an be

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Examining Cell Phone Effects Essay Example for Free

Examining Cell Phone Effects Essay Kailla Schlimm’s article â€Å"The Effect of Cell Phones in Modern Society† addresses issues on how cell phones have altered modern day society. Schlimm’s article is mainly targeted towards children and teenagers. She begins by expressing the main point that some people rely on their cell phones for everything and gives reason of why this may be and list examples. Schlimm then extends her argument and tells how cell phones are used and what they are used for. Schlimm also confers how cell phones may be great, but they also can cause problems. After each problem is addressed, the reader may want to stop and think about the positive effects and negative effects of cell phones. Schlimm focuses on the many problems that cell phones can cause. In doing so, she reveals examples of danger and harm that they may cause. She begins by proposing explanations of how cell phones can be used improperly. For example, she say â€Å"Phones of the twenty-first century may be great at times, but at the same time the do cause a few problems. For instance, there are people who text and drive† (Schlimm). Schlimm then makes a reference to how this problem may add to the chance of getting into a car wreck even more than drinking alcohol and driving. She explains how this increases problems for the safety of the person texting, as well as all the other drivers. Not only does Schlimm address problems that occur while driving, she also approaches problems that are increasing in schools and homes. Schlimm declares, â€Å"Children are becoming distant for their parents because they are always on their phones focused on other less important thing.† After her statement she explains how some children admit to playing games during dinner, or even church. Also how students use their cell phones to text during school, and their cameras to cheat. She ventures on to acknowledge how these actions cause problems in relationships, families, and the workplace. Overall, Schlimm has her article formatted well. She addresses and lists the problems the have arose since cell phones have become a vital part of society. She provides reasoning and examples behind each statement made. She says, â€Å" Cell phones are basically miniature computers.† She adds that sooner or later there will be no need for computers at all. If this statement is true, it proves that cell phones have had an enormous effect on society and have taken over lives. Schlimm’s essay was effective in many ways. She has fully presented each statement without out-weighing the positives and negatives. . One thing Schlimm could have done differently is given herself more credibility to equal out the balance of the logical and facts and examples she expresses. She could have given an example of a positive time where she has used a call phone and a negative. This would have made the reader feel more inclined to believe that all of her statements are true. With all the facts she finishes by saying that cell phones can be very negative at times and may cause problems, but when they are used properly they may be a wonderful thing. Works Cited Schlimm, Kaila. â€Å"The Effects of Cell Phones in Modern Society.† The Talon. 11 November 2010. Web. 5 February 2012. http://www.elhstalon.net/features/2010/ 11/11/the-effects-of-cell-phones-in-modern-society/

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Heinz †Beech Nut Merger :: Business Mergers Acquisitions M&A M+A

Heinz – Beech Nut Merger The word â€Å"merger† is very common term that everyone in America has to deal with in some aspect of life. Banks, oil companies, car manufacturers, computer makers†¦the list goes on for ever, and the mergers of these companies have a direct effect on our daily life. For decades the US government and the court systems have tried to regulate how mergers can and cannot happen and why. The reason(s) as to why a merger is allowed or not has varied over the years, but one major concept has remained the same: too many mergers within a particular market can reduce competition and create a monopoly (or a near monopoly condition). Merging firms often state that a merger could help them reduce costs and to develop better products. They claim this would clearly be a benefit to the consumers of their product(s). The 1960’s and 70’s were considered the earlier era of merger law by economists. During this time frame he courts and governments were more concerned with the NON-economic aspects of mergers: reducing market concentration, protecting small business, consumers rights†¦etc. Since 1979 those concerns have faded and the court system is now more concerned with economic concerns. The difference between right and wrong has been blurred recently, which allows judges to consider ALL factors in a case (economic and non), and be flexible when looking at specific cases. The merger guidelines were revised in 1997 to allow efficiencies to be used as a defense. Clearly, efficiencies are a key part of the defense, and are looked at very closely by the courts, especially in cases with a high market concentration. The Merger Guidelines state: â€Å"Efficiencies almost never justify a merger to monopoly or near monopoly.† (Kwoka and White, 2004) Posner and Bork said that the antitrust laws and economic efficiency helped only the consumers, not the firms. They encouraged the courts to look at efficiencies in antitrust analysis generally. They claimed that an efficiency defense could possibly make investigating a merger intractable in litigation. The term â€Å"intractable† as defined by Wikipedia are â€Å"problems that are solvable in theory, but cannot be solved in practice†. This means that what Posner and Bork are saying is that while in the litigation stage of a trial, the efficiency defense could theoretically come up with a solution that appears and sounds good, but in real life business situations (practice) would not work. Heinz – Beech Nut Merger :: Business Mergers Acquisitions M&A M+A Heinz – Beech Nut Merger The word â€Å"merger† is very common term that everyone in America has to deal with in some aspect of life. Banks, oil companies, car manufacturers, computer makers†¦the list goes on for ever, and the mergers of these companies have a direct effect on our daily life. For decades the US government and the court systems have tried to regulate how mergers can and cannot happen and why. The reason(s) as to why a merger is allowed or not has varied over the years, but one major concept has remained the same: too many mergers within a particular market can reduce competition and create a monopoly (or a near monopoly condition). Merging firms often state that a merger could help them reduce costs and to develop better products. They claim this would clearly be a benefit to the consumers of their product(s). The 1960’s and 70’s were considered the earlier era of merger law by economists. During this time frame he courts and governments were more concerned with the NON-economic aspects of mergers: reducing market concentration, protecting small business, consumers rights†¦etc. Since 1979 those concerns have faded and the court system is now more concerned with economic concerns. The difference between right and wrong has been blurred recently, which allows judges to consider ALL factors in a case (economic and non), and be flexible when looking at specific cases. The merger guidelines were revised in 1997 to allow efficiencies to be used as a defense. Clearly, efficiencies are a key part of the defense, and are looked at very closely by the courts, especially in cases with a high market concentration. The Merger Guidelines state: â€Å"Efficiencies almost never justify a merger to monopoly or near monopoly.† (Kwoka and White, 2004) Posner and Bork said that the antitrust laws and economic efficiency helped only the consumers, not the firms. They encouraged the courts to look at efficiencies in antitrust analysis generally. They claimed that an efficiency defense could possibly make investigating a merger intractable in litigation. The term â€Å"intractable† as defined by Wikipedia are â€Å"problems that are solvable in theory, but cannot be solved in practice†. This means that what Posner and Bork are saying is that while in the litigation stage of a trial, the efficiency defense could theoretically come up with a solution that appears and sounds good, but in real life business situations (practice) would not work.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Developing a “National Culture:” The Impact of Radio Network Systems

Over the years, culture has obtained a broad and extensive definition that covers tangible to intangible elements that establish the basic dimensions of culture, to theories and ideologies that represent a deeper and more significant meaning of culture aside from shared common beliefs, traditions, and such. Indeed, culture may be defined in so many ways, under various circumstances, including how it frames race and ethnicity, how it shapes the structure of society within the national and international setting, and such.Therefore, the meaning or significance of culture, as well as the understanding of how it is developed depends upon the contextual backdrop or circumstances under which it is used. For instance, national culture refers to the kind and structure of culture that governs a nation or a country, despite cultural differences based on race or ethnicity, age, religion, location, and such. National culture is the kind of culture that keeps a nation together, identifying a kind of society and way of life that only exists and are attributed to a particular state or country.The establishment of national culture also differs from other types of culture. If culture founded on religion is established through shared beliefs based on spiritual principles or philosophies, national culture which encompasses a larger scale of population and coverage is developed through tools or instruments that directly attaches and unites the masses – that is the media, from broadcasting to advertising, and such. With this in mind, the remainder of this text will focus on culture and how it is developed, narrowing the broad area of culture to national culture.Moreover, the discussion will review the different network systems, specifically advertising, entertainment, and political broadcasting as mediums in cultivating national culture. National culture, as aforementioned, refers to the kind of culture that establishes the distinction between nations. It sets nations apart b y determining how one differs from another in terms of beliefs, traditions, norms and mores, ideologies, and such.National culture seeks to explicate why the act of spending time in the afternoon sitting down and drinking tea in the garden is a known English culture, and why resting for a short time in the afternoon or the siesta is credited to the Spanish culture. As simple as it may sound, national culture is the kind of culture that is present in beliefs, traditions, ideologies, norms and mores, and other practices that the majority, if not all, of a country’s population puts into practice.Since realizing that national culture is a phenomenon that necessitates massive influence to a large population, one might begin to wonder how this particular culture is cultivated due to its standards when it comes to population. We are looking into a tool, a device, or a system that facilitates the transfer of knowledge and information to many people all at the same time as a means of promoting or encouraging the large-scale practice or observation of a specific culture. This tool, device, or system is known as a network system which is fuelled by the structure and dimensions of mass media.Historical accounts will reveal how network systems have contributed to the development of national culture. The radio system was established before the television and television networks. Before people relied on television sets to bring them live video coverage of new features and breaking news here and abroad, and people went online to obtain various kinds of information from different places when and where they want it, they used to rely on radios for these particular purposes.In the 1920s, people relied on radios for news and other information and entertainment. People placed great importance on the radio system since it was able to become a variety of things all at once while reaching large populations in the process. For these reasons, corporations and organizations have identified an opportunity to develop their businesses out of the far-reaching powers and influence of the radio despite the fact that it was first introduced to the public as a means of disseminating significant information.Following the realization of the future of business and entrepreneurship in radio broadcasting, numerous radio stations and networks were established all over the nation transmitting what they feel the public wants and needs to know and grasp from radio transmissions. (Dominick, Messere, & Sherman, 26-28) The radio system was utilized for various purposes, for advertising various goods and services available in the market, to entertainment in the form of music and other programs or shows, and to promote political agendas through broadcasting.Radio stations and networks were clever enough to incorporate various segments that appeal to diverse populations set during time slots that are most likely to draw large population of viewers, specifically the target viewers . For instance, news segments will be set at time when the entire family is at home sitting down to together to listen to new information and such. Other shows include musical segments, radio commentaries, and with advertisements in between.(Dominick, Messere, & Sherman, 10-19) Since people during that time only had the radio as their means of linking themselves to the rest of the country and the world, radio stations and networks were in control of the information that goes through the system. This means that the kind of information or its contents being announced over the radio are the ones that people will have the opportunity of knowing and assimilating within their minds.This kind of exclusivity that exist between the radio system and its listeners is strengthened by the psychological fact that people clang to the radio since it made them feel involved and allied to the rest of the country and the world. The phenomenon, that is the connection between the radio and the public du ring that time, is similar to living inside a community isolated within a bubble or a dome wherein the structure of society is shaped and controlled by the structure and dynamics that springs within it. This metaphorical illustration depicts how the radio system has shaped national culture during that time.Business organizations who advertise through the radio, the kind of music most often played during musical segments, the coverage of news that radio stations are able to broadcast, as well as the kind of political information from public speeches, to press releases, and such, that the government announced through the radio system, were the only kind of information that the people obtained by listening to the radio all at the same time. Since the things or situations that people experience, by seeing, feeling, and in this case hearing, influences their state of mind, beliefs and ideologies, character, personal opinion, etc., and the things or situations that people experience by li stening to the radio are similar, their overall state of mind are shaped and influenced in the same manner more or less, consequently leading to the development of national culture through shared experiences by simply tuning in to the radio. The impact of the radio system is observed by reviewing history, particularly those that relate to politics since they reveal the greatest influence to national culture. For instance, China’s history reveals how the radio played a role in promoting the communist government of Mao Zedong.He controlled the kind of information that radio stations are allowed to broadcast to the public, particularly those that promote his government through the announcement of party decisions, knowledge and information that uphold communist ideologies, etc. , limiting knowledge and information that the Chinese people are allowed to learn, and also setting boundaries on how the nation is supposed to act, practice beliefs and traditions, promote ideologies and such. (Dominick, Messere & Sherman, 317-319)Another historical evidence which points to the influence of the radio system to shape national culture was the presidential elections in the United States in 1928. Apparently, the Republican Party chose to operate for the campaign by utilizing the radio system. Five speeches were allowed to be broadcasted through the radio convincing the people to vote for the party’s representative come election time. Sensing that the Republican Party has made a bold yet smart move in reaching the majority of the nation’s population, the Democratic Party followed in their opponent’s footsteps by broadcasting several speeches through the radio.The competition between the two parties commenced by their decision to make the radio a battle ground wherein the parties’ representatives aired their opinions through arguments and debates concerning major political, social, and economic issues that they believe the public wants and need s to know and understand in order to make a well-informed decision on who to vote for the presidency. However, the competition turned sour by scandalous attacks coming from both parties to weaken the momentum of the other party.The result of the antagonistic rivalry between the two parties was the involvement of the majority of the population in the election. Millions of people decided to register in order to vote since they believed that it was their role as citizens of the country to end the conflict by deciding who they want to become their national leader. (Rudel, 1-2) The influence of radio, being the only existing electronic medium during that time, was undeniable.The radio system, through its established capacity to influence majority of the nation’s population, was structured to monopolize everything that mass media offers to the public satisfying business organizations and political leaders, from advertising to entertainment, and even political broadcasting. The radi o’s ability to control and limit that kind of information being broadcasted through the airwaves to the people who constitute majority of the population led to the establishment of a national culture that was shaped by shared experiences through the radio system.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Internshp on Performance Evaluation of Exim Bank Ltd

Internship REPORT ON EXPORT IMPORT BANK LIMITED TOPIC: Performance Evaluation of EXIM Bank Ltd. Special Focus on Foreign Exchange Division Department of Business Administration Submitted by www. AssignmentPoint. com Date of Submission: 17th May2012 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL 17th May2012 To Lecturer Department of Business Administration Subject: Submission of the BBA Internship Report. Dear Madam, It is a great Pleasure for me that I have the opportunity to submit the Internship Report on performance evaluation of Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Limited special focus on foreign exchange division.The internship program gave me an opportunity to have an exposure to the working environment and on the job experience. I have acquired a good understanding on distribution channel of this multinational. I have tried my level best to put meticulous effort for the preparation of this report. Any shortcomings or fault may arise as my unintentional mistakes' I will wholeheartedly welcome any clarifi cation and suggestion about any view and conception disseminated through this report. Sincerely yours www. AssignmentPoint. com †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. SUPERVISOR’S CERTIFICATIONThis is to certify that student of department of BBA and major in Finance, has completed the Internship Report titled â€Å"Performance Evaluation of EXIM Bank Ltd. Special Focus on Foreign Exchange Division† successfully under my supervision. I wish her every success in life. Supervisor †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Lecturer Department of Business Administration Acknowledgement Allah is Almighty to mock internship report of my port of study of BBA Program. The accomplishment and completion of this report would not have been viable without the contribution of some people who took the time and effort to guide me in my report work.I deeply appreciate and value their suggestions and recommendations through the entire course of my report work. I would like to extend my heartiest thanks and my sincerest gratitude to all those who directly/ indirectly contribute to the compilation of report. I am especially grateful to my teacher, my internship supervisor. I could not prepare my Internship Report without her proper guidance and inspiration. Last but not least, I would like to give my thanks to all the members of EXIM Bank Ltd. , Panthapath Branch because working with them was such a wonderful experience in my life that I will never forget.TABLE OF CONTENTS Particular Page No |Executive Summary |VIII | | | | |CHAPTER-1 Introduction |1 | |1. 1 |Origin of the Report: |2 | |1. 2 |Objective of the Report: |2 | |1. |General objective of the Report: |2 | |1. 4 |Specific objective of the Report: |3 | |1. 5 |Scope of the Report: |3 | |1. 6 |Limitations of the Report: |4 | |1. 7 |Methodology of the Study: |4 | |1. |Sources of Information: |5 | | | | | |CHAPTER-2 Economic Conditions In Bangladesh |6 | | | | |CHAPTER - 3 Industry Analysis | | | | |CHAPTER-4 Company Analysis |12 | |4. 1 |Historical Background Of The Exim Bank |13 | |4. 2 |Vision |13 | |4. 3 |Mission |13 | |4. 4 |Objective |14 | |4. |Strategy |15 | | | | | |CHAPTER-5 The General Banking Division |16 | | | | |CHAPTER-6 Loans And Advances Department |24 | | | |25 | | | |29 | | | | | |CHAPTER-7 Foreign Exchange Department |39 | | | | |CHAPTER-8 Competitive position of Export Import Bank of Bangladesh limited with Premier Bank limited |45 | | | | |CHAPTER-9 SWOT & Financial Analysis |51 | | Swot Analysis | | |Ratio Analysis | | |CHAPTER-10 Recommendation & Conclusion |70 | |10. 1 |Findings |71 | |10. 2 |Recommendation |72 | |10. 3 |Conclusion |73 | | | | | Appendix |74 | |Bibliography |78 | Executive Summary Bank is a service oriented business organization. The prime goal of this organization is earning profit as another business organization. Customer service is core product of the bank. According to Bank Company Act 199 1 clause 5(3) Banker means that person or institute of accepting for the purpose of lending or investment of Deposit of money from public, repayable on demand.To know your customer is the main slogan in new modern Banking System providing customer services. EXIM Bank Limited has earned a good reputation around Bangladesh. Despite competition among banks operating in Bangladesh both local and international, EXIM Bank has made remarkable progress, practically in every sphere of its activities. Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Limited is a third generation private commercial bank in the country with commendable operating performance. This study is mainly based on performance evaluation of EXIM Bank Ltd. Special focus on foreign exchange division. In order to make foreign the report more meaningful and presentable, use both the primary and secondary sources of collection information. EXIM Bank Ltd. as already established a favorable reputation in the banking industry of the country. At is one of the leading private sector commercial banks in Bangladesh. The bank has already shown a tremendous growth in the profits and deposits sectors. To get competitive advantage and to deliver quality service management can establish training institute and credit car should be introduced. The over all performance of the bank is very good according to its competitive position. Within a near future EXIM bank will be a market leader among the banks. 1. Introduction: 1. 1 Origin of the Report: In today's world only academic education does make a student perfect to become competitive with the corporate & Global business world.By doing an internship program, a student can get the opportunity to learn facing about real business world. Internship is highly needed to gain idea knowledge and experience. I am a BBA graduate from Private University in Bangladesh. It has designed its curriculum of the BBA Program such a way that the international standard graduates will be produced. After co mpleting my 139 Credit hours I Need to go for further professional experience through Internship program in a Business organization EXIM Bank Ltd. is a place where I have learned the business dealings. This organization has created a positive image to the customer's mind by providing better service specifically I am telling about the Panthapath Branch.This branch has introduced an exclusive modern banking system that has got high market sharing and rating in the prominent business & banking avenue in Panthapath Bank way. As an BBA Internee Office I have tried to maintain the pace with the competitive business environment on official Activities Culture Philosophy Norms & Styles. It should be reflect the best at any field of my Professional life; The Vice President & Manger is my overall Guide Philosopher & Superior. By receiving his all sorts of cordial support I have been availed the opportunity to work with this branch for three months from 10th January 2010 to 9th March 2010. I ac quired idea about real business and corporate world. 1. 2 Objective of the Report: Prime objects to a large-scale study on Banking System. 1. 3 General objective of the Report:The report specification based on the overall banking performance evaluation and special focus on foreign exchange division of EXIM Bank Ltd. 1. 4 Specific objective of the Report: ? To apply theoretical knowledge in the practical field. ? To make a bridge between the theories and practical procedures of banking day-to-day operations. ? To know the different modes of scheme, in EXIM Bank. ? Trend analyses of the different scheme. ? To know the financial activity of bank. ? An overview on the major financial activity and practices of EXIM Bank ? To identify the strategies for EXIM Bank Limited, implementing in constant prosperity of the company ? Analyzing the performance trends of EXIM Bank. To give some idea about its management and organization structure ? To present and overview of EXIM Bank Ltd. ? Compare the different mode of scheme of Exim Bank with other similar bank. 1. 5 Scope of the Report: First the report presents about the current economic condition of Bangladesh and the present condition of the banking sector of our country and next it gives some ideas about EXIM Bank Ltd. Then it analyzes the performance of the bank based on financial analysis and SWOT analysis. After that, it emphasizes or foreign exchange division. By reading this report one can easily have some ideas about the performance and foreign exchange division of EXIM Bank Ltd. 1. 6 Limitations of the Report:Although there were sincere co-operation from employees of EX1M Bank Limited, Panthapath Branch, they could not manage enough time to provide the necessary information for the completion of the report. During the preparation of the report the following problems occurred that may be termed as the limitation or shortcomings of the study. Some of the limitations faced in preparing this report are: ? Confidentia lity the Bank's policy restricts disclosing some data ? Data about the performance of the bank of the year 2008 have not yet been disclosed by the bank. ? The study of such a short course of time is not free from limitation. ? The data relevant for the analysis report writing sometimes could not be collected due to excessive year-ending workload at the branch. It is too much difficult to comment and suggest based on only the annual report and information collected from written documents. ? As some assumptions were made with the help of limited information, there may be some personal mistake in the report ? It was very difficult to collect the information from various incumbents for the job restriction. 1. 7 Methodology of the Study: Although there were so many limitations, it was tried to use both the primary and secondary sources of collecting information to make the report presentable with as less abstraction as possible. 1. 8 Sources of Information: Two sources (i) Primary & (ii) Secondary A.Primary data: Primary data is always known as survey data. This type of data is collected from the respondent. For this personal Interview with the offices and customers have been conducted. B. Secondary Data: Data that were published before for some other reason can be collected using internal and external sources. i) Internal secondary data: To furnish the report properly some papers has been collected from the officials of EXIM Bank Ltd. Information from annual reports journals, newspapers and other published documents have been used besides other published information about the organization, depth interview of the branch manager and second branch manager have also taken. i) External Secondary data: For better interpretation some data has been collected from Bangladesh Bank. Internet Browsing is also one source of external Secondary data. 2. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN BANGLADESH Bangladesh has an agrarian economy with 32% of GDP coming from the Agriculture Sector. Major agricultural products are rice, jute, wheat, potato, pulses, tobacco, tea and sugarcane. . The country is the largest exporter of jute and jute goods in the world. Readymade garments are among the most exportable items. Tea, frozen shrimp, fish, leather goods and handicrafts are also major exportable commodities. The country has under gone a major shift in its economic philosophy and management in recent years.At Bangladesh's birth, the country embraced socialism as the economic ideology with a dominant role for the public sector. But, since the mid-seventies, it undertook a major restructuring towards establishing a market economy with emphasis on private sector-led economic growth. During the nineties, the country has completed a major stabilization program which has reduced inflation as well as fiscal and current account deficits and established a healthy foreign exchange reserve position with low and sustainable debt-service liabilities. With modest economic growth, the basic in dicators related to health, education and poverty have all shown sustained improvement.According to a World Bank estimate, Bangladesh has the 36th largest economy in the world in terms of GNP based on the purchasing power parity method of valuation, and the 55th largest in terms of nominal GNP in U. S. Dollars. Bangladesh economy grew on an average at above 6. 0 percent in the last four years up to FY07 . According to the provisional estimates of the Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BBS),real GDP recorded a strong growth of 6. 5 percent in FY07,which is marginally lower than 6. 6percent recorded in FY06 . This growth was commendable as it was achieved in challenging environment marked by high and volatile oil price ,phasing out of the MFA quota, labour unrest in the garment industry and confrontational political situation of the country in the first half of FY07. With reasonable support from agriculture sector, the 6. percent real GDP growth was underpinned mainly by industry sector and services sector. The expansion was broad based, registering positive growth by all sectors and sub-sectors of the economy. Spurred by a robust 9. 5 percent growth in industry sector and 6. 7 percent growth in services sector, GDP growth during the year was also aided by 3. 2 percent growth in the agriculture sector. The domestic savings-investment gap was met with net factor income from abroad which increased by 37. 0 percent in FY07 from 4. 4 percent in FY06 reflecting higher savings growth. The domestic savings investment gap was met with net factor income from abroad which increased by 37. 0 percent in FY07.The rising trend of inflation of FY06 as measured by CPI continued in FY07 mainly due to higher prices of oil and some other imported goods in the international market, distortion in the supply side factors and demand pressure generated from excess money supply . Slower import of consumer necessities pulling their domestic prices heightened the price pressures. Annual ave rage CPI (base FY96) inflation as of end June 2007was 7. 20 percent, compared to 7. 16 percent as of end June 2006. There was notable increase of food prices component of CPI inflation from 7. 8 percent as of end June 2006 to 8. 1 percent as of end June 2007. Maintaining a favorable investment environment and a sound macroeconomic management are important to strengthen private sector investment in the economy.In view of medium term outlook of sustainable economic growth and low inflation for world and south Asian economies and assuming continuation of prudent policies and progress in advancing structural reforms, the near and medium term economic prospects of Bangladesh appear favorable. 3. INDUSTRY ANALYSIS Bank plays an important role in this modern world. The development of industries and business sectors of a country mainly depends on good banking system. The industries and businessman are taking short and long term loan from banks. In the modern world international businesses a re fully depended on banks. Without sound banking system no country can develop in international trade. Bank constitutes an important segment of the financial infrastructure of any country. The economic history of many countries reveals that economic development and growth of financial infrastructure go hand in hand.Financial system of a country is the heart of a country’s economic system as it connects suppliers of the funds and demanders of fund, which is needed to produce economic goods. It also provides a large arena of employment opportunity. As Bangladesh is containing a bank base economy, its economic development is largely depended on the development of banking sectors. Bangladesh appeared as a new nation on the world map in the year 1971. After independence financial institutions, especially banks played a vital role in re-constructing the war-torn economy of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bank is the central bank of the country and is in charge of monetary policies of the G overnment and controls all commercial banks. Development and growth of our banking system may be divided into three parts. The performance of our banking system during 1972 to 1982 was commendable in respect of expending network and providing easy credit to the socially desirable sectors but equally frustrating with regard to maintaining validity and customer services. The second phase from 1983 to 1989 was characterized by denationalization and privatization of banking system without broad-basing the prudential and information regulatory framework; however, these measures of denationalization and privatization could not bring the viability and operational efficiency of banking system.Under the above circumstances and with the recommendation of World Bank, a Financial Sector Reform Project (FSRP) was undertaken in 1989 by the government, which can be identified with third phase of the development of our banking system. The government of Bangladesh has also enacted some important act s namely financial institutions act 1993, Securities and Exchange Commission act 1993, the companies’ act 1994 and recently Bankruptcy act 1997. The present day banking structure has evolved over several decodes. The far-reaching program of economic reform is being carried out at present towards efficient utilization of scare resources and the development of private entrepreneurship. Banks are financial service firms, producing and selling professional management of the public's fund as well as performing many other roles in the economy.Banks are those financial institutions that offer the widest rang of financial functions of any business firm in the economy. Competition is strengthened by the entry of new and innovative provides of financial services, through the development of Money market and Capital market. Money market is designed for the making of short-term loans where individuals and institutions with temporary surplus of funds meet borrowers who have temporary cash shortages. Capital market is deigned to finance long-term loans where individuals and institutions with temporary surplus of finds meet borrowers who have temporary cash shortages. Capital market is designed to finance long-term investments.Private sector commercial banks are private companies operate under the legislative framework, which covers both Company Act, and Banking Company Act, under the ongoing financial liberalization, EXIM Bank emerges as a new Bank in private sector to operate at the Banking arena of Bangladesh It is committed to provide high quality financial services/ products to contribute to the growth of GDP of the country through stimulating trade and commerce, accelerating the pace of industrialization, boosting up export, creating employment opportunity for the educated youth , poverty alleviation, raising standard of living of limited income group and overall sustainable socio-economic development of the country. 4. COMPANY ANALYSIS 4. 1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE EXIM BANK EXIM Bank- Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Ltd. was named at first as BEXIM Bank BEXIM stands for Bengal Export Import of Bangladesh. This new commercial Bank was opened in August 03, 1999 with some new innovative visions in customer services.The Bank received the certificate of incorporate no. C-37864 (2164)/99 under the commencement of the business on the same day by the section 150(2) under companies Act. A part from the head office in Dilkusha C/A, it stared its first local branch in Motijheel C/A simultaneously in order to provide all kinds of Banking support to the clients. On December 02, 1999 the second branches both in Dhaka City and other cities. Now it has twenty-five branches in the country. 4. 2 VISION The gist of EXIM bank vision is ‘Together Towards Tomorrow'. Export Import Bank of Bangladesh Limbed believes in togetherness with its customers, in its march or the road to growth and progress with services.To achieve the desired goal, there will be pursuit of excellence at all stages with a climate of continuous improvement, because, in EXIM Bank, they believe, the line of excellence is never ending. Bank's strategic plans and networking will strengthen its competitive edge over others in rapidly changing competitive environments. Their personalized qualities services to the customers with the trend of constant improvement will be cornerstone achieve their operational success. 4. 3 MISSION The bank has checked out the following corporate objectives in order to ensure smooth achievement of its goals- ? To be the most caring and customer friendly and service oriented bank. ? To create a technology base most efficient banking environment for its customers ? To ensure ethics and transparency in ail levels To ensure sustainable growth and establish full value of the honorable shareholders and ? Above all, to add effective contribution to the national economy Eventually the bank also emphasize on: ? Provide high quality financia l services in export and import trade ? Providing efficient customer service ? Maintaining corporate and business ethics ? Being trusted repository of customers’ money and their financial adviser ? Making its products superior and rewarding to the customers ? Display team spirit and professionalism ? Sound Capital Base ? Enhancement of shareholders wealth ? Fulfilling its social commitments by expanding its charitable and humanitarian activities 4. Objective Bangladesh is now integral part of global market. As such there is an urgent requirement for Bangladesh to place the traditional banking pretties in harness with the global trades of a free market economy by following international banking customs, practices and standards. Today clients of a bank in Bangladesh are exposed as well as international markets. They have to stay update with their practice and standards to meet the demands of achieving harmony in the high standards of a free economy. EXIM Bank fully appreciates the importance and implication of the rapidly emerging competition in the banking and finance sector of Bangladesh.It intends financing its customer suited to his or her place in the market. In this regards EXIM Bank emphasizes in its employment the software aspects of human resource capability. It also emphasizes competence among its banking professional to cater to vary customer requirements to the modern time. The objectives of EXIM BANK is not only to earn profit but also to keep the social commitment and to ensure its co-operation to the person of alt level, to the businessman, industrialist specially who are engaged in establishing large-scale industry by consortium and the agro-based export oriented medium and small scale industries by self inspiration.EXIM BANK is always ready to maintain highest quality of services by upgrading banking technology prudence in management and by applying high standard of business ethic through its established commitment and heritage. EXIM BANK is committed to ensure its contribution to national economy by increasing its profitability through professional and disciplined growth strategy for its customer and by creating corporate culture in international banking area. 4. 5 Strategy In order to reach the goal it is important to build strategy and follow the policies. If it can select the appropriate strategy and choose the right policy, it will be very easy to touch its desired position.The distinguishing attribute of policy is to set the over all boundaries for activities. According to this system when the bank was started it has to decide what kind of business it is going to be in. The Bank also has to decide on its growth and communicate through am system of major objective of the business is to reach the goal, to reach the desired position from the current status. There might be a number of ways to reach there and its has to be decided which path would be easier to reach the objective. So the authority has no decided wh ich path they select to proceed. The following figure can be explained clearly. Slogan of the EXIM Bank: â€Å"Local Bank Global Network†The world EXIM implies the meaning of its operation. Through it is a new type of Bank in Bangladesh; it is familiar with so many countries in the world such as Export Import Bank of the United States, Export Import Bank of Japan. Despite it is a local Bank, It has spread of its operation in the whole world through foreign Banking. To achieve the desired goal, it has intention to pursuit f excellence at stages with a climate of continuous improvement. Because it believes, the line of excellence is never ending. It also believes that its strategic plans and business networking will strength its competitive edge over in rapidly changing competitive environment.It motto I to provide quality service to the customers all over the world so, the slogan of the Bank â€Å"Local Bank Global Network† is completely adjustable with its operation. T HE GENERAL BANKING DIVISION Internship has provided the opportunity to coordinate the theoretical knowledge that one has gathered in MBA Class with the practical field. Although three months is not a very long period to learn the whole thing that usually occurs in an organization. The supervisor divided this report into three parts. 1) The general banking department 2) The Investment department 3) The foreign Exchange department. Learning experience from General Banking Division:The main business of this Division is dealing with Deposit. There are two types of Deposit in this Branch and General Banking division as the following section: 1. Deposit section 2. Account Section 3. Remittance section 4. Clearing section 5. Customer Service section 6. Cash section and 7. Information Technology section Task I Handled in this Division is 1. Opening Accounts 2. Opening Monthly saving scheme, 3. Modaraba Term Deposit Account Current 4. Deposit foreign current Deposit Account 5. Modarada short notice Deposit (STD). 6. Fixed Deposit, Steady Money. 7. Demand Draft (D. D) 8. Telegraphic Transfer (T. T) 9. Payment Order (P/O) 10. Travelers Check (T. C) 1. Issuing Check. Pay Order (PO): Pay order is one kind of unconditional promissory note or instrument that is issued by the Bank to the customer. The difference between check and pay order is the mode of encasement. Demand Draft: Demand Drafts are made for the transfer of money from one place to another in the form of cheques through a particular Bank, which can be ensued right way. The Bank issues DD for their outer district branches. Telegraph/ Telephone Transfer: When a certain amount of money is asked by the client to transfer from one branch to another than it is called telegraph/ telephone transfer. For TT, there is a particular from.When the form is filled up properly and deposits the amount by the applicant, the authorized officer issued a cost memo to the application for their confirmation. lssuing cheques Books: Che ckbook issue is a very sensitive because most of the fraud occurs through this checkbook. Customer requiring check books to fill out requisition ship. For saving accounts 10 pages check book issued and CD/SOD/ CC accounts issued 25 and 50 pages checkbook. Cash Section: In clearing section the work is to clear the cheques, DD's and PO's through Bangladesh Bank that are submitted for cash collection. Everyday morning House another in the evening called return house.In the hose all the Banks representative sit together and exchanges their money receive instrument of their particular bank to clear the paper and transfer to money the paper partlcular accounts. Type of Clearing: There is two type of clearing 1) In-Ward 2) Out –Ward In- ward: Those Cheques or instrument of EXIM, which are submitted to other banks for collections are called In – Ward Clearing. Out- Ward: The cheques of other banks that are submitted to the EXIM for collections are called out-ward Clearing. Cas h Section: Cash is the main element of all financial activities. The cash section of any branch plays very significant role. It's very sensitive place of the branch, because it deals with most liquid assets. The EXIM Bank Mirpur Branch has an equipped cash section.This section receives cash from depositors/Client and pays cash against cheques draft, payment order and pay to slip over the counter This section deals with all type as of negotiable instruments and in includes volt. Used as the store of cash instrument, the main functions of the sections are cash receipt and cash disbursement. Accounts Opening Section: This section deals with opening of different types of accounts. It is also deals with issuing of books and different deposit boos to the different accounts opener. A customer can open different types of accounts through this department such as: l. Current Account 2. Saving Account 3. Fixed deposit account (FDR) 4.Short term Deposit (STD) 5. Monthly saving Scheme (Money Gro ver) 6. Monthly income scheme (Steady money) 7. Smart saver Scheme 8. Multi plus saving Account 9. Super saving scheme 10. Education saving scheme EXIM Bank gives special importance various deposit schemes are: l. Monthly saving Scheme (money Grower) 2. Monthly income scheme (Steady Money) 3. Multi plus savings A/C 4 Super saving scheme 5. Double benefit Scheme 6. Smart saver Scheme 7. And Education saving Scheme Types of Accounts with Terms and Conditions Current (CD) Account: Current account is purely a demand deposit account. There is no restriction on withdrawing money from the account.It is basically justified when funds are to be collected and money is to be paid at frequent interval. Some Important Points are as follows- †¢ Minimum opening deposit of TK. 1000/- is required; †¢ There is no withdrawal limit. †¢ No interest is given upon the deposited money; †¢ Minimum Tk. 1000/= balance must always maintain all the time. Savings (SB) Account: The bank provid es savings account services for the ease of its clients. It offers both personal and corporate Savings Account to its clients in every branch. Hence, there is a restriction on withdrawals in a month. Heavy withdrawals are permitted only against prior notice. Some Important Points are as follows- Minimum opening deposit of Tk. 5000/= is required; †¢ Minimum Tk. 1000/= balance must always maintain all the time; †¢ Withdrawal amount should not be more than 1/4th of the total balance at a time and limit twice in a month. †¢ If withdrawal amount exceed 1/4th of the total balance at a time no interest is given upon the deposited money for that month. †¢ The current rate on deposit amount is 6%. †¢ Closing of saving accounts will cost 300tk to a customer. Short Term Deposit (STD) Account: Normally various big companies, organizations, Government Departments keep money in STD account. Frequent withdrawal is discouraged and requires prior notice.The deposit should be kept for at least seven days to get interest. The interest offered for STD is less than that of savings deposit. Interest is calculated based on daily minimum product and paid two times in a year. Interest rate is 4. 50%. Call Deposits (Money at Call): Sometime the banker secures funds from the money markets usually from other bankers against receipt to meet his purely tepmorary shortage of funds. These debts are repayable immediately at call. When the money market is tight such derosits attract higher rate of interst and then to be treated as banker’s borrowings as call loans. Account opening: To dill with the bank individuals need to have an account first.The particulars are essential for identification of the account holders individually so that the banker can discharge his obligations to every one correctly and to the extent due. Documents required for opening account ? Individual / Joint Account: 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Identity (copy of passport). 4. Joint Declaration Form (For joint a/c only). 5. Employee’s Certificate (in case of service holder). ? Partnership account: 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Partnership letter duly signed by all partners (Sign should be similar as stated in Partnership Deed). 4. Partnership Deed duly certified byNotary public. 5. Registration (If any). 6. Updated Trade license. ? Proprietorship account: 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Valid copy of Trade License. 4. Rubber stamp. 5. TIN number certificate. 6. Identity (Copy of passport). 7. Permission letter from DC/ Magistrate (in case of newspaper) 8. ? Limited company: 1. Introduction of the account. 2. Two photographs of the signatories duly attested by the Introducer. 3. Valid copy of Trade License. 4. Board resolution of opening A /C duly certified by the Chairman/Managing Director. 5. Certificate of Incorporation. 6.Certificate of Commencement (In case of Public limited company). 7. Certified (joint stock) true copy of the Memorandum and Article of Association of the Company duly attested by Chairman or Managing Director. 8. List of directors along with designation & specimen signature. 9. Latest certified copy of Form – xii (to be certified by register of joint stock companies) (In case of Directorship change). 10. Rubber Stamp (Seal with designation of each person) 11. Certificate of registration (In case of Insurance Company – Obtained from department of Insurance from the Peoples Republic of BD). ? Club / societies account: 1. Introduction of the account. 2.Two photographs of the Signatories duly attested by the introducer. 3. Board Resolution for Opening A/C duly certified by President/ Secretary. 4. List of Existing Managing Committee. 5. Registration (if any). 6. Rubber Stamp. 7. Permiss ion letter from Bureau of N. G. O. (In case of N. G. O. A/C). Savings Scheme; †¢ Monthly Income Scheme †¢ Multiplus Savings †¢ Smart saver †¢ Super Saving Scheme †¢ Monthly Savings Scheme (Money Grower) †¢ Hajj Scheme Finance/Loans: †¢ Corporate Finance †¢ Industrial Finance †¢ Lease Finance †¢ Hire Purchase Finance †¢ Commercial Loans †¢ Project Finance †¢ Syndicate Loans †¢ Retail Loans †¢ Mortgage Loans †¢ Loan against Share and Securities †¢ Account Opening Procedures: Step 1 | | | |The account should be properly introduced by Any one of the following: | | |An existing Current Account holder of the Bank. | | |Officials of the Bank not below the rank of an Assistant officer. | | |A respectable person of the locality well known to the Manager/Sub-Manager of the Branch concerned. | |Step 2 | | | |Receiving filled up application in bank’s prescribed form mentioning what type of account is de sired to be | | |opened. |Step 3 | | | |The form is filled up by the applicant himself / herself | | |Two copies of passport size photographs from individual are taken, in case of firms photographs of all | | |partners are taken | | |Applicants must submit required documents | | |Application must sign specimen signature sheet and give mandate | | |Introducer’s signature and accounts number – verified by legal officer | |Step 4 | | | |Authorized Officer accepts the application | |Step 5 | | | |Minimum balance is deposited – only cash is accepted | |Step 6 | | | |Account is opened and a Cheque book and pay-in-slip book is given | Account Sections: Daily function: The routine daily tasks of the accounts department are as follows: 1. Recording the daily transactions in the cash book 2. Recording the daily transactions in general and subsidiary ledgers 3. Preparing the daily position of the branch comprising of deposit and cash 4.Preparing the daily statement o f affairs showing all the assists and liability of the branch as per ledger and subsidiary leader separately. 5. Making payment of all expenses of the Branch 6. Recording inters branch fund transfer and providing accounting treatment in this regard. 7. Checking whether all the vouchers are correctly passed to ensure the Conformity with the Activity Report; if otherwise making it correct by calling the respective official to rectify the voucher. 8. Recording of the vouchers in the Voucher Register 9. Packing of the correct vouchers according to the debit voucher and the credit voucher. Periodical Tasks: The routine periodical tasks performed by the department are as follows. 1. Preparing the monthly salary statements for the employees 2.Publishing the basic data of the branch 3. Preparing the weekly position for the branch this is sent to the Head Office to maintain Cast Reserve requirement 4. Preparing the monthly position for the branch, this is sent to the Head office to maintain statuary liquidity requirement. 5. Preparing the weekly position for the branch comprising of the break up of sector wise deposit, credit etc. 6. Preparing the weekly position for the branch comprising of the denomination wise statement of cash in tills. 7. Preparing the budget for the branch by fixing the target regarding profit and deposit so as to take necessary steps to general and mobilize deposit 8.Preparing an Extract' which is a summary of all the transactions of the Head Office account with the branch to reconcile all the transaction held among the accounts of all the branches. General Account: General account is important one, which has to be maintained by each branch. Indeed general account is are record of Oregonian and responding transactions among inter- branches of the same bank. All types of assets and liabilities of one branch with another one are settled through this account. Branch can know how much the bank is liable with Head Office. The debit and credit balance shows assets and liabilities of the respective branch. Statement or Affairs:Accounts section prepares the statement of affairs for finding the profit/ loss as well as amount of assets and liabilities of concerned branch per day Theoretically, it is called financial statement and has tow parts: 1. Income and Expenditure Account 2. Statement of Assets and Liabilities Amortization and Depreciation: Amortization is the allocation of the cost of an intangible asset to expense for example, prepaid expenditure, prepaid insurance and good will etc Amortization schedule is determined by the decision of management. Establishment: This section deals with employee's salary, much type of internal expenses such as purchase of pen, paper equipment, machinery and payment of labor Cost and employee conveyance. In cause of leave of absence employee collects prescribed from this section. LOANS AND ADVANCES DEPARTMENT Introduction:Banking is essentially a business dealing organization with money and c redit like all other business activates. Banks are profit-oriented organization. A bank invites its find many ways to earn more and more profit and most of its income is derived from loans and advances. Bank makes loans and advances to traders, Businesspersons, industrialists and many other persons against security of some cautions policy and sound lending principle in the matter of lending. EXIM Bank is a lending bank in loans and advances and it grant loans in various sectors especially in industry, trade and commerce. Types of loans and advances: There may be different types of loans and advance given from the commercial banks such as EXIM Bank Ltd. Of our country.Loans and advances may be in the following types: 1. Cash credit 2. Overdraft 3. House Building loan (General and Staff) 4. Transportation (Car) loan (only for senior staff) 5. Consumer credit Scheme 6. Loan against Imported Merchandise (LIM) 7. Loan Bills purchases Documentary (LBPD) 8. Loan against Other Securities (L AOS) 9. Term Loan Brief Idea about the different types of loans and advance: Cash Credit (CC): Cash credit is an arrangement by which the customer is allowed to borrow May up to a creation limit. This permanent arrangement and the customers need not to draw the sanctioned amount of money at a time. The borrower can draw the money when required.The borrower can put back any surplus, amount, which he/she may he affect frequently. Intersect is charged only to the amount with drawn and not he whore amount sanctioned cash credit arrangement is usually divide into two ways such as: 1. Cash credit pledge 2. Cash credit hypothecation Cash Credit Pledge: In case of cash credit pledge possession of the goods dealings to bank and ownership of the of the goods belongs to borrower and bank the possessions of the goods as primary security. The goods storied in go down under lock and key by direct supervision of the bank. If the borrower wants to sell any potion of the pledged goods he/she permiss ion of bank with returning the value of the loan amount.It is therefore regarded as the most secured type of advance. Cash Credit hypothecation: In case of cash Credit hypothecation possession of the goods not transferred to the bank and therefore such and advance is no better than a clean loan, such an advance can thus only be granted to a person in whose integrity the barked has full confidence cash credit in the form of Hypothecation is normally accompanied with mortgagee of immovable properties. The pray/ borrower possesses the lock and key of the down. The Formalities of opening cash Credit: There intending cash credit holder should submit the following documents and being fill up properly: 1. Stock repot, rend receipt 2. Trade license 3.Up to date income tax clearings certificate 4. Charge documents 5. Letter of Continuity 6. Letter of arrangement 7. DP (Demand Promissory) note 8. Letter of guarantee 9. Letter lien 10. Limit sanction advice 11. Non-Encumbrance Certificate Obse rving the documents the bank authority prepares a cc proposal from that contains the following information: 1. Nature of business 2. Banking with EXIM 3. Transition with CD account by the client 4. Allied deposit with SB/STD account. 5. Number of adjustment (s) how many times the CC holder made his/her Account nil that means debit balance equal to credit balance. 6. Recycling it is ration of total credit summation to the limit.If the ratio is Higher it is better from banker's points of view. 7. Turn over in the account 8. By the encasement authority the bank holds the power to encase the FDR the encasement authority at any time in case borrower's failure to repay the loan amount with interest in due time. Based in the above-mentioned information the dealing officer of the loans and advances department prepares recommendation about the prospect of granting the CC loan to the client. Overdraft: Overdraft is an arrangement between the banker and the customer by which the letter is allo wed to withdraw over his/her credit balance in the current account up to an agreed limit.The borrower is permitted for draw and repays any number of times, provided he total amount overdrawn dose not exceeds the agreed limit. Here the interest is charged only for the amount withdrawn over the limit. Not for the whole amount. Overdraft is divided into tow categories:  ¦ Secured overdraft (SOD)  ¦ Temporary overdraft (TOD) Secured overdraft: It is allowed against the full security (i. e. FDR, ICB unit Certificates). Temporary Overdraft: It is allowed to the customer for a very short period of time. But EXIM bank deals only secured overdraft. Car Loans: This is a special type of loan, which is only provided for the staff of EXIM Bank.Usually AVP and above level officers get this kind facility. This loan is reimbursed on instrument basis and repayable after each month. House Building loan (General and Staff): General house building loan is providing into two sectors:  ¦ Generally  ¦ Staff Naturally house building loan is paid for the construction of commercial building, and owners etc, procedures for sanctioning house- building loan as follows:-  ¦ Application for sectioning loan  ¦ Application properly filled up for credit facilities supplied by the bank.  ¦ Personal net worth statement each director  ¦ Enquiry form Required papers for sanctioning HB loan:  ¦ Copy of general power of attorney  ¦ Copy of material certificate Copy of engineer's estimate  ¦ Copy of projected cash flow Loan (General): In case of loan the banks sanction some of money for a certain period of time. The enter amount is one time disbursement and paid in cash or credit loan A/C. The interest is charged on full sanctioned amount @16%. The bank generally sanctions loan to establish industry. These types of loan are granted for capital expenditure such as purchase of land, constriction of factory building, purchase of new machinery and modernization of plant. The borrowe r cannot withdraw this type of loan once repaid in full or in part again. Formalities for extending project loan: Loan application form:After receiving the loan application from the borrower the branch scrutinizes the application whether it is viable or not. Loan application from contains the following particulars amongst other detail below:  ¦ Particular description of the Project.  ¦ Nature of the Project  ¦ Detail information about the borrower  ¦ Statements of assets and liabilities of the borrower with declaration  ¦ Detail information about proposed products, machinates and manpower etc  ¦ Project cost and source of fund.  ¦ Market for the proposed project. Feasibility report: This report is provided by the borrower, which includes the following aspects of the project:  ¦ Marketing aspect  ¦ Technical aspect financial aspect  ¦ Managing aspect  ¦ Socio-economic aspect 1) Classification Procedure 1.Categories of Loans- At first all loans and advances will be grouped into four categories for the purpose of classification, such as- (a) Continuous Loans (b) Demand Loans (c) Fixed Term Loans and (d) Short Term and Agriculture & Micro Credit. (a) Continuous Loans : The loan A/C in which transaction may be made within a certain limit and have an expiry date for full adjustment will be treated as continuous loan. Exp CC, OD etc. (b) Demand Loans: The loan that becomes repayable by the party on demand by his bank will be treated as demand loans. If any contingent or any other liabilities are turned into forced loan will also be treated as demand loan. Exp. LIM, PAD, FBP, IBP etc. (c) Fixed Term Loans: The loan which is repayable with in the specific time period under a pacific repayment schedule will be treated as Fixed Term Loans. d) Short Term Agriculture & Micro Credit: Short Term Agricultural Credit will be as per list issued by Agricultural Credit and Specialized Programmers Department (ACSPD) of Bangladesh Bank under the Agricultural C redit Programmed. Credit in the Agricultural sector repayable within 1(one) year will also be included herein. Short Term Micro Credit includes any micro credit not exceeding TK. 25,000. 00 and repayable within 12 months. 2) Basis for Loan Classification: (A) Objective Criteria (1) Past due/ over due: In this point we saw four factors those are; a) Any continuous loan if not repaid / renewed within the fixed expiry date for repayment be treated as past due/ overdue from the following day of the expiry date. ny demands loan if not repaid/ rescheduled within the fixed expiry date will be treated as past due/ overdue from the following day of the expiry date. b) In case any installment of a fixed term loan (repayable within fives) is not repaid within the fixed expiry date, the amount of unpaid installment will be treated as past due/ overdue (defaulted instilment) from the following day of the expiry date of the particular installment. c) Incase of any installment or part installment of a Fixed Term Loan (repayable over five years) is not repaid within the fixed expiry date, the amount of unpaid installment will be treated as past due/ overdue after 6(six) months of the expiry date of that particular installment. ) The Short Term Agriculture & Micro Credit if not repaid within the fixed expiry date for repayment will be considered as past due/ over due (defaulted instilment) after 6(six) month of the expiry date. (B) Qualitative Judgment; If any uncertainty or doubt arises in respect of recovery of any continuous, Demand or Term Loans the same will have to be classified as Sub- Standard or Doubtful or Bad/ Loss. Considering the merit of the A/C on the basis of qualitative judgment be it classified or not on the basis of objective criteria. The Bank will classify on the basis of qualitative judgment and can be- classify loans if qualitative improvement does occur.But if a loan classified by Bangladesh Bank inspection Team, the same can be de- classified with the approval of the Board of Directors of the Banks. CIB Report: Before making credit report to the head office the lending branch takes the credit information to the borrower from the CIB (credit Information Bureau) of Bangladesh Bank and other financial institutions. For obtaining this report the branch sends Inquiry form' to CIB duly filled in particulars of the borrower. The report id divided into 5 segments. Project appraisal: It is the reinvestment analysis done by Banker before a project is approved. Project appraisal in the Banking sector is needed for following reasons:  ¦To ensue repayment of the Bank finance To achieve the organizational goals  ¦To establish industrialists in a country. The main tasks of the project appraisal is to justify the soundness of an investment by the Banker by means of a capital and systematic of the different elements of the Project For this purpose Banks use two types of analysis:  ¦Lending Risk Analysis (LRA)  ¦Spread Sheet Analysis (SSA) Lending risk analysis: Lending risk analysis is modern methodologies, which describes how to access the risks that are inherent any credit extension and how to access the likelihood that the customer will repay a loan. The LRA form contains 16 pages to analysis different categories of Risks.The Financial Sector Reform project introduces the lending Risk analysis format in 1993. LRA is a standardize format for analyzing the credit worthiness of a borrower and the likelihood that the borrow will repay. Bangladesh bank issued a letter number BCD (p) 611/13/290 dated 17-07-1994, which now makes it mandatory for the commercial Banks to implement the LRA approach to credit analysis prior to extending credit facilities to a Borrower. The modern concept of lending is purpose and production oriented and not security oriented. The emphasis should be given not any security rather on he likelihood of repayment, the credit worthiness of the customer soundness and viability of the business etc. Lending PrinciplesThe Principle of lending is a collection of certain accepted time tested standards, which ensure the proper use of Investment fund in a profitable way and its timely recovery. Different authors describe different principles for sound lending. 1. Safety 2. Security 3. Liquidity 4. Adequate yield 5. Diversity Process of Investment |Heads |Characteristics | |Application |Applicant applies for the Investment in the prescribed form of the bank describing the types | | |and purpose of Investment. |Sanction |Collecting credit information about the applicant to determine the credit worthiness of the | | |borrower. Sources of information | | |Personal Investigation, Confidential Report from other bank, Head Office/Branch/Chamber of | | |Commerce. | | |CIB (Central Information Bureau) report from Central Bank. | | |Evaluation of compliance with its lending policy. | | |Evaluating the proposed security. | | |LRA is must for the Investment exceeding one crore – as ord ered by Bangladesh Bank. | |If everything is in accordance the Investment is sanctioned | |Documentation |Then bank prepare a Investment proposal which contains terms and conditions of Investment for | | |approval of H. O. or Manager. | | |Takes the necessary papers and signatures from borrower | |Disbursement |An Investment Account is opened. Where customer | | |A/C—————————————————————————————Dr. | | |Respective Investment A/C —————————————-Cr. |FOREIGN EXCHANGE DEPARTMENT Introduction: One of the largest businesses carried out by the commercial bank is foreign trading. The trade among various countries fills for close link between the parties dealing in trade. The situation calls for experti se in the field of foreign exchange operations. The bank, which provides such operations refereed to as rending international Banking operation. Mainly trisections with overseas countries are respects of import, export and foreign remittance come under the preview of foreign exchange transaction, and international trade demands a flow of goods from seller to buyer of payment from buyer to seller.In this case the Bank plays a vital role to bridge between the buyer and seller. Foreign Exchange Mechanism in Flow Chart: Sales/Purchase contract Issues L/C Forward Forward documents Makes payment Makes payment Foreign Exchange department of EXIM Bank is department of all departments. This department handles various types of activates by three separate sections: 1. Import Section 2. Export section 3. Foreign Remittance. Import Section: The functions are of the section is mainly to deal with various components such as  ¦ Letter of Credit (L/C)  ¦ Payment against Document (PAD)  ¦ Payme nt against Trust Receipt (PTR)  ¦ Loan against Imported Merchandise (LIM) Letter of Credit (L/C): Definition:A letter of credit can be defined as an arrangement where in a Bank Guarantee on behalf of these customers to make payments to the beneficiary upon presentation of documents specified in the credit. Parties involved in L/C: Opener/ Buyer/Importer: The person who opens the L/C is known as opener/ buyer/importer of the L/C. The buyer and the seller conclude a sales contract providing for payment by documentary credit. 0pening Bank: The Bank issuing the L/C in favor of exporter is known as opening Bank. The opening bank opens L/C on request of importer according to application of the importer. Advising Bank: The Bank through L/C is advised their agent (correspondent Bank) abroad.The duty of the advising Bank is to authenticate the message so that is to the seller can act on it without any fear of forgery etc. Beneficiary: Seller and exporter in whose favor the L/C are opened. The beneficiary is normally the seller of good who receive payment under documentary credit. If has compiled with terms and conditions thereof. Negotiating Bank: The Bank that is authorized to handle (purchase) the documents under the L/C in the exporting country is known as negotiating Bank. L/C will stipulate either a notified bank to negotiate (restricted L/C) or any bank can negotiate in the seller’s country (unrestricted L/C). Reimbursing Bank: The Bank that is (by the L/C issuing Bank) to effect reimbursement is known as reimbursing bank.Reimbursing Bank authorized to honor the reimbursement claims in settlement of negotiation/ accepting/ payments lodged with its by the paying/ negotiating/ accepting Bank. Confirming Bank: A Confirming Bank is one which adds the guarantee to the credit opened by another bank. Therese undertaking the responsibility of payment/ negotiating/ acceptance under the credit in addition to that of the issuing Bank. A confirming Bank normally doe s so it requested by the issuing Bank. Types of L/C: – Revocable/ irrevocable L/C – Confirmed/ unconfirmed L/C. – Transferable L/C – Back to back L/C – Acceptance L/C – Revolving L/C – Red clause L/C – Green close L/C The EXIM Bank basically deals with irrevocable L/c. which can not be amended or cancelled by the issuing Bank at any moment and without prior to the beneficiary.It also deals back to back L/C, which is the letter of credit, provided by the exporter to the import the raw materials from abroad in order to produce the exportable commodity for the importer. Procedures for opening L/C: Application for opening L/C: An importer who is desirous to import goods from foreign country will apply Issuing Bank for opening a L/C. The importer will provide an application mentioning the following aspects: 0 Full particulars of applications Bank account. 0 Types of business 0 Historical background 0 Amount of required L/C limit 0 A mount of L/C margin. 0 Term of payment 0 Name of imported goods 0 Repayment schedule and source of fund Document schedule and source of fund.An importer or L/C opener has to submit the following documents 0 Application from (provided by the Bank) 0 Import registration certificate 0 Pro-forma invoice 0 Four sets of IMP from 0 Insurance cover not 0 VAT registration number 0 Tex registration number 0 Letter of credit authorization form Examination for opening L/C: Application must be carefully checked by the concerned officer considering the facts mentioning below: ? The terms and conditions of L/C applications are consistent with exchange control and import trade resolution UCPDC 500. ?Illegibility of imported goods ?The L/C must be opened in favor of importer ?That is signed by the importer and agreed with the terms and conditions. Indenting registration number ?Goods are not of Israel and vassals to be used are not of Israel ? Insurance cover note with date of shipment. ?Whether RC is up to date or not ?Whether IMP form is duly filled up and singed ?The imported goods are marketable After scrutinizing all thee legal aspects necessary entry is given to the margin register and charge, commission and margin in realized. Transmitting the L/C: The L/C is transmitted to the advising Bank for advising the L/C to he beneficiary. L/C is generally transmitted through tested Telex of Fax. Before transmission of final examination of the L/C contents is